Full text loading...
Clinical pathology
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10
Clinical pathology
- Authors: Helene Pendl and Karin Kreyenbühl
- From: BSAVA Manual of Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery
- Item: Chapter 10, pp 85 - 104
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443194.10
- Copyright: © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: September 2019
Abstract
Avian patients require rapid and precise diagnostic work-up as clinical findings often do not correlate with the severity of disease. Clinical pathology needs to inform individual care for pets and flock medicine, ensuring safety for public health. This chapter discusses external versus in-house laboratory diagnostics, haematology, cytology, biochemistry and electrolytes, and parasitology.
Preview this chapter:
Clinical pathology, Page 1 of 1
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.22233/9781910443194/9781910443194.10-1.gif
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10
Figures
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_2
10.2
Checklist for sample collection during a post-mortem examination. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_2.png
10.2
Checklist for sample collection during a post-mortem examination.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_3
10.3
Columnar portions of a centrifuged haematocrit tube. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_3_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_3.png
10.3
Columnar portions of a centrifuged haematocrit tube.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_4
10.4
Wedge smear technique for blood films and opaque fluids. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_4_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_4.png
10.4
Wedge smear technique for blood films and opaque fluids. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_6
10.6
Standardized protocol for avian blood film evaluation. a Estimation according to
Campbell and Ellis (2007)
: total number of counted cells in 20 oil immersion fields x 875 = total estimated count. b Polychromatic index according to
Dein (1983)
. B = basophils; E = eosinophils; H = heterophils; HCT = haematocrit; L = lymphocytes; Leuko = leucocytes; M = monocytes; NDB = non-definable blood cells; Thr = thrombocytes. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_6_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_6.png
10.6
Standardized protocol for avian blood film evaluation. a Estimation according to
Campbell and Ellis (2007)
: total number of counted cells in 20 oil immersion fields x 875 = total estimated count. b Polychromatic index according to
Dein (1983)
. B = basophils; E = eosinophils; H = heterophils; HCT = haematocrit; L = lymphocytes; Leuko = leucocytes; M = monocytes; NDB = non-definable blood cells; Thr = thrombocytes.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_7
10.7
Granulocytes in a blood film from a chicken. Left to right: heterophil, basophil and eosinophil. The polychromatic index (PI) of the erythrocytes is 1. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_7_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_7.png
10.7
Granulocytes in a blood film from a chicken. Left to right: heterophil, basophil and eosinophil. The polychromatic index (PI) of the erythrocytes is 1. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_8
10.8
Granulocytes in a blood film from a chicken. Left to right: eosinophil, physiological heterophil and toxic heterophil. The polychromatic index (PI) of the erythrocytes is 1. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_8_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_8.png
10.8
Granulocytes in a blood film from a chicken. Left to right: eosinophil, physiological heterophil and toxic heterophil. The polychromatic index (PI) of the erythrocytes is 1. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_9
10.9
Various blood cells. (a) Eosinophil from a peacock. (b) Eosinophil from a goose. (c) Immature granulocyte from a chicken. (d) Thrombocytes from a peacock. (e) Reactive monocyte from a chicken. (f) Reactive lymphocyte from a turkey. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_9_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_9.png
10.9
Various blood cells. (a) Eosinophil from a peacock. (b) Eosinophil from a goose. (c) Immature granulocyte from a chicken. (d) Thrombocytes from a peacock. (e) Reactive monocyte from a chicken. (f) Reactive lymphocyte from a turkey. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_10
10.10
Erythrocytes in a blood film from a duck (species unknown). Note the left shift, hypochromasia and haemolysis. The polychromatic index (PI) of the erythrocytes is 3–4. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_10_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_10.png
10.10
Erythrocytes in a blood film from a duck (species unknown). Note the left shift, hypochromasia and haemolysis. The polychromatic index (PI) of the erythrocytes is 3–4. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_15
10.15
Great tit (Parus major) with a concurrent infestation with Haemoproteus (left gametocyte) and Plasmodium (right gametocyte). (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_15_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_15.png
10.15
Great tit (Parus major) with a concurrent infestation with Haemoproteus (left gametocyte) and Plasmodium (right gametocyte). (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_16
10.16
Formulae for different methods of total blood cell counts. (Formulae for total white blood cell counts also apply for thrombocyte counts.) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_16_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_16.png
10.16
Formulae for different methods of total blood cell counts. (Formulae for total white blood cell counts also apply for thrombocyte counts.)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_18
10.18
Total red blood cell count. The diluted blood sample is placed in one half of a haemocytometer counting chamber with improved Neubauer ruling. The red blood cells present in the corner and central squares of the large central square are counted following the L rule (see text). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_18_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_18.png
10.18
Total red blood cell count. The diluted blood sample is placed in one half of a haemocytometer counting chamber with improved Neubauer ruling. The red blood cells present in the corner and central squares of the large central square are counted following the L rule (see text).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_22
10.22
Bacterial overgrowth with ≥90% Gram-negative bacteria from a pharyngeal swab taken from a fancy breed hen. (Gram stain; Courtesy of Dr Peter Wencel) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_22_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_22.png
10.22
Bacterial overgrowth with ≥90% Gram-negative bacteria from a pharyngeal swab taken from a fancy breed hen. (Gram stain; Courtesy of Dr Peter Wencel)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_23
10.23
Squash preparation technique. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_23_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_23.png
10.23
Squash preparation technique. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_24
10.24
Impression smears from the liver of a broiler hen. (a) Without removal of excess blood. (b) After removal of excess blood. IBH = inclusion body hepatitis; Le = liver. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_24_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_24.png
10.24
Impression smears from the liver of a broiler hen. (a) Without removal of excess blood. (b) After removal of excess blood. IBH = inclusion body hepatitis; Le = liver. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_25
10.25
Photomicrograph of the slide in
Figure 10.24a
. Excess blood hampers the detection of the intranuclear inclusion body right above the size bar. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_25_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_25.png
10.25
Photomicrograph of the slide in
Figure 10.24a
. Excess blood hampers the detection of the intranuclear inclusion body right above the size bar.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_26
10.26
Photomicrograph of the slide in
Figure 10.24b
. Clear view of several prominent intranuclear polymorphic basophilic inclusion bodies suggestive of Adenovirus spp. (confirmed by histology). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_26_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_26.png
10.26
Photomicrograph of the slide in
Figure 10.24b
. Clear view of several prominent intranuclear polymorphic basophilic inclusion bodies suggestive of Adenovirus spp. (confirmed by histology).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_27
10.27
Squash preparation of a scraping taken from a subcutaneous mass in a fancy breed hen. Cytology revealed the mass to be a sarcoma. Note the aggregate of mesenchymal cells and the cell at the bottom of the slide showing nuclear signs of malignancy. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_27_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_27.png
10.27
Squash preparation of a scraping taken from a subcutaneous mass in a fancy breed hen. Cytology revealed the mass to be a sarcoma. Note the aggregate of mesenchymal cells and the cell at the bottom of the slide showing nuclear signs of malignancy. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_29
10.29
Impression smear of lung tissue from a laying hen showing physiological respiratory epithelium. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_29_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_29.png
10.29
Impression smear of lung tissue from a laying hen showing physiological respiratory epithelium. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_30
10.30
Impression smear of lung tissue from a laying hen showing pleocellular inflammation with signs of reactivity and toxicity. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_30_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_30.png
10.30
Impression smear of lung tissue from a laying hen showing pleocellular inflammation with signs of reactivity and toxicity. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_31
10.31
Mid-gut swab from a 24-week-old laying hen showing spore-bearing cigar-shaped bacteria, suggestive of Clostridium. (Wright-Giemsa stain) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_31_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_31.png
10.31
Mid-gut swab from a 24-week-old laying hen showing spore-bearing cigar-shaped bacteria, suggestive of Clostridium. (Wright-Giemsa stain)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_37
10.37
Acetate tape impressions of lice (left and right) and mites (centre) from a chicken. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_37_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_37.png
10.37
Acetate tape impressions of lice (left and right) and mites (centre) from a chicken.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_38
10.38
Acetate tape impression from a chicken showing the red chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). The morphologically similar northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) has more pointed caudal ends of the dorsal and anal plates and readily visible chelicerae. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_38_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_38.png
10.38
Acetate tape impression from a chicken showing the red chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). The morphologically similar northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) has more pointed caudal ends of the dorsal and anal plates and readily visible chelicerae.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_39
10.39
Acetate tape impression from a chicken showing the instar of the chicken head louse (Cuclutogaster heterographa). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_39_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_39.png
10.39
Acetate tape impression from a chicken showing the instar of the chicken head louse (Cuclutogaster heterographa).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_40
10.40
Commercially available plastic vials with integrated sieve for faecal flotation. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_40_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_40.png
10.40
Commercially available plastic vials with integrated sieve for faecal flotation.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_41
10.41
Large coccidial oocysts (~ 30 μm), typical for Eimeria maxima, from a mid-gut swab in a 24-week-old laying hen (same case as in
Figure 10.31
). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_41_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_41.png
10.41
Large coccidial oocysts (~ 30 μm), typical for Eimeria maxima, from a mid-gut swab in a 24-week-old laying hen (same case as in
Figure 10.31
).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_44
10.44
Direct faecal mount from a fancy breed hen showing cestode onchospheres with hexacanth embryos within a proglottid. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_44_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_44.png
10.44
Direct faecal mount from a fancy breed hen showing cestode onchospheres with hexacanth embryos within a proglottid.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_45
10.45
Direct faecal mount from a goose showing an egg of Capillaria sp. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_45_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_45.png
10.45
Direct faecal mount from a goose showing an egg of Capillaria sp.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap10.fig10_46
10.46
(a) Direct faecal mount from a chicken showing an egg of Heterakis spp. (b) Faecal flotation from a chicken showing an egg of Ascaridia spp. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_46_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443194/fig10_46.png
10.46
(a) Direct faecal mount from a chicken showing an egg of Heterakis spp. (b) Faecal flotation from a chicken showing an egg of Ascaridia spp.