1887
Pedicled muscle flaps
British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 159 (2009); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781905319558.9
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9
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Pedicled muscle flaps

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Abstract

Local transposition of a muscle flap is a useful and simple technique and does not require any special instrumentation. However, it does require a good knowledge of anatomy, an understanding of the indications and limitations of the technique, and careful dissection. A muscle flap is indicated when the specific benefits of transposed muscle tissue are needed. This is particularly the case when closing defects that are ischaemic, infected or irradiated, or when muscle bulk or physical support is needed. This chapter discusses Indications; Types of muscle flap; Using muscle flaps; Complications; and Myocutaneous flaps. : Repair of a perineal hernia hernia with a semitendinosus muscle flap; and Reconstruction of a thoracic wall deficit (following tumour resection) with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. : Raising a muscle or myocutaneous flap; Humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle flap; Ulnaris lateralis muscle flap; Superficial gluteal muscle flap; Internal obturator muscle flap; Cranial sartorius muscle flap; Caudal sartorius muscle flap; Rectus femoris muscle flap; Semitendinous muscle flap; Cranial border of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle flap; Cranial tibial muscle flap; Temporalis muscle flap; Cranial portions of the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscle flaps; Caudal portions of the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscle flaps; Cervical portion of the trapezius muscle flap; Deep pectoral muscle flap; Latissimus dorsi muscle flap; Cranial portion of the external abdominal oblique muscle flap; Rectus abdominis muscle flap; Cutaneous trunci myocutaneous; Latissmus dorsi myocutaneous flap; Trapezius myocutaneous flap; and the Gracilis myocutaneous flap.

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/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9

Figures

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9.3
Typical vascular supply to a skeletal muscle. Note that it is composed of a combination of large and small pedicles, and the pedicle systems often share small anastomotic channels at their borders. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of 9.3
9.3 Typical vascular supply to a skeletal muscle. Note that it is composed of a combination of large and small pedicles, and the pedicle systems often share small anastomotic channels at their borders. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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9.4
The probable consequence of basing muscle flap perfusion on a minor pedicle system. The volume of blood that can be forced through and returned via anastomotic channels is insufficient, and a large portion of muscle becomes severely ischaemic, if not necrotic. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of 9.4
9.4 The probable consequence of basing muscle flap perfusion on a minor pedicle system. The volume of blood that can be forced through and returned via anastomotic channels is insufficient, and a large portion of muscle becomes severely ischaemic, if not necrotic. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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9.5
Perfusion of a muscle will be sustained throughout after ligation of minor pedicles because the remaining dominant pedicle is sufficiently large to maintain arterial and venous flow. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.5 Perfusion of a muscle will be sustained throughout after ligation of minor pedicles because the remaining dominant pedicle is sufficiently large to maintain arterial and venous flow. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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9.6
Patterns of vascular anatomy of skeletal muscles. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.6 Patterns of vascular anatomy of skeletal muscles. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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Incision.
Incision. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Incision.
Incision. Incision.
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Semitendinosus muscle exposed.
Semitendinosus muscle exposed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Semitendinosus muscle exposed.
Semitendinosus muscle exposed. Semitendinosus muscle exposed.
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Muscle elevated.
Muscle elevated. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Muscle elevated.
Muscle elevated. Muscle elevated.
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Muscle flap dissected free and reflected to show vascular pedicle.
Muscle flap dissected free and reflected to show vascular pedicle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Muscle flap dissected free and reflected to show vascular pedicle.
Muscle flap dissected free and reflected to show vascular pedicle. Muscle flap dissected free and reflected to show vascular pedicle.
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Muscle flap transposed.
Muscle flap transposed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Muscle flap transposed.
Muscle flap transposed. Muscle flap transposed.
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Wound closed. There is a prolapsed rectum.
Wound closed. There is a prolapsed rectum. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Wound closed. There is a prolapsed rectum.
Wound closed. There is a prolapsed rectum. Wound closed. There is a prolapsed rectum.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig1g
Imaging studies of the thoracic mass.
Imaging studies of the thoracic mass. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Imaging studies of the thoracic mass.
Imaging studies of the thoracic mass. Imaging studies of the thoracic mass.
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Anatomical landmarks and flap margins outlined.
Anatomical landmarks and flap margins outlined. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Anatomical landmarks and flap margins outlined.
Anatomical landmarks and flap margins outlined. Anatomical landmarks and flap margins outlined.
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Tumour resection.
Tumour resection. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Tumour resection.
Tumour resection. Tumour resection.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig1j
There is insufficient local skin to close the defect.
There is insufficient local skin to close the defect. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of There is insufficient local skin to close the defect.
There is insufficient local skin to close the defect. There is insufficient local skin to close the defect.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig1k
Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap raised and transposed.
Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap raised and transposed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap raised and transposed.
Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap raised and transposed. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap raised and transposed.
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Wound closed and drain in place.
Wound closed and drain in place. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Wound closed and drain in place.
Wound closed and drain in place. Wound closed and drain in place.
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Obvious concavity at 14 days postoperatively.
Obvious concavity at 14 days postoperatively. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Obvious concavity at 14 days postoperatively.
Obvious concavity at 14 days postoperatively. Obvious concavity at 14 days postoperatively.
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Raising the flap.
Raising the flap. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Raising the flap.
Raising the flap. Raising the flap.
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Flap transposed, based on its distal interosseous pedicle.
Flap transposed, based on its distal interosseous pedicle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Flap transposed, based on its distal interosseous pedicle.
Flap transposed, based on its distal interosseous pedicle. Flap transposed, based on its distal interosseous pedicle.
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Muscles of the superficial antebrachium, showing ulnaris lateralis.
Muscles of the superficial antebrachium, showing ulnaris lateralis. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Muscles of the superficial antebrachium, showing ulnaris lateralis.
Muscles of the superficial antebrachium, showing ulnaris lateralis. Muscles of the superficial antebrachium, showing ulnaris lateralis.
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Superficial muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the superficial gluteal muscle.
Superficial muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the superficial gluteal muscle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Superficial muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the superficial gluteal muscle.
Superficial muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the superficial gluteal muscle. Superficial muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the superficial gluteal muscle.
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Tenotomy of the tendon of insertion and dorsal reflection of the muscle.
Tenotomy of the tendon of insertion and dorsal reflection of the muscle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Tenotomy of the tendon of insertion and dorsal reflection of the muscle.
Tenotomy of the tendon of insertion and dorsal reflection of the muscle. Tenotomy of the tendon of insertion and dorsal reflection of the muscle.
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Transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle to augment perineal hernia repair.
Transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle to augment perineal hernia repair. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle to augment perineal hernia repair.
Transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle to augment perineal hernia repair. Transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle to augment perineal hernia repair.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig17
Flap elevated and inverted.
Flap elevated and inverted. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Flap elevated and inverted.
Flap elevated and inverted. Flap elevated and inverted.
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Flap transposed to close the ventral aspect of a perineal hernia.
Flap transposed to close the ventral aspect of a perineal hernia. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Flap transposed to close the ventral aspect of a perineal hernia.
Flap transposed to close the ventral aspect of a perineal hernia. Flap transposed to close the ventral aspect of a perineal hernia.
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Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the cranial sartorius.
Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the cranial sartorius. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the cranial sartorius.
Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the cranial sartorius. Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the cranial sartorius.
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Transection of the muscle at the tibial insertion and dissection up to the proximal vascular pedicle.
Transection of the muscle at the tibial insertion and dissection up to the proximal vascular pedicle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transection of the muscle at the tibial insertion and dissection up to the proximal vascular pedicle.
Transection of the muscle at the tibial insertion and dissection up to the proximal vascular pedicle. Transection of the muscle at the tibial insertion and dissection up to the proximal vascular pedicle.
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Transposition of the cranial sartorius muscle through 180 degrees to augment the repair of a caudal abdominal hernia.
Transposition of the cranial sartorius muscle through 180 degrees to augment the repair of a caudal abdominal hernia. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transposition of the cranial sartorius muscle through 180 degrees to augment the repair of a caudal abdominal hernia.
Transposition of the cranial sartorius muscle through 180 degrees to augment the repair of a caudal abdominal hernia. Transposition of the cranial sartorius muscle through 180 degrees to augment the repair of a caudal abdominal hernia.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig112
Wound closed.
Wound closed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Wound closed.
Wound closed. Wound closed.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig113
Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the caudal sartorius.
Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the caudal sartorius. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the caudal sartorius.
Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the caudal sartorius. Skin incision over the medial aspect of the thigh to expose the caudal sartorius.
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Transection of the muscle 4 cm distal to its origin.
Transection of the muscle 4 cm distal to its origin. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transection of the muscle 4 cm distal to its origin.
Transection of the muscle 4 cm distal to its origin. Transection of the muscle 4 cm distal to its origin.
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Transposition of the muscle flap distally.
Transposition of the muscle flap distally. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transposition of the muscle flap distally.
Transposition of the muscle flap distally. Transposition of the muscle flap distally.
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Transection of the muscle insertion to give an island flap.
Transection of the muscle insertion to give an island flap. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transection of the muscle insertion to give an island flap.
Transection of the muscle insertion to give an island flap. Transection of the muscle insertion to give an island flap.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig117
Wound closed.
Wound closed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Wound closed.
Wound closed. Wound closed.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig118
Deep muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the rectus femoris.
Deep muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the rectus femoris. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp181_1.png
Image of Deep muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the rectus femoris.
Deep muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the rectus femoris. Deep muscles of the lateral thigh, showing the rectus femoris.
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Skin incision over the lateral thigh to expose the rectus femoris.
Skin incision over the lateral thigh to expose the rectus femoris. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Skin incision over the lateral thigh to expose the rectus femoris.
Skin incision over the lateral thigh to expose the rectus femoris. Skin incision over the lateral thigh to expose the rectus femoris.
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Transposition of the muscle flap proximally.
Transposition of the muscle flap proximally. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transposition of the muscle flap proximally.
Transposition of the muscle flap proximally. Transposition of the muscle flap proximally.
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Deep muscles of the lateral thigh and crus, showing semitendinosus.
Deep muscles of the lateral thigh and crus, showing semitendinosus. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp183_1.png
Image of Deep muscles of the lateral thigh and crus, showing semitendinosus.
Deep muscles of the lateral thigh and crus, showing semitendinosus. Deep muscles of the lateral thigh and crus, showing semitendinosus.
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Transposition of the contralateral semitendinosus muscle, based on the proximal caudal gluteal pedicle, to augment a perineal hernia repair.
Transposition of the contralateral semitendinosus muscle, based on the proximal caudal gluteal pedicle, to augment a perineal hernia repair. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp184_1.png
Image of Transposition of the contralateral semitendinosus muscle, based on the proximal caudal gluteal pedicle, to augment a perineal hernia repair.
Transposition of the contralateral semitendinosus muscle, based on the proximal caudal gluteal pedicle, to augment a perineal hernia repair. Transposition of the contralateral semitendinosus muscle, based on the proximal caudal gluteal pedicle, to augment a perineal hernia repair.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig123
Superficial muscles of the lateral crus, showing the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.
Superficial muscles of the lateral crus, showing the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Superficial muscles of the lateral crus, showing the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.
Superficial muscles of the lateral crus, showing the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. Superficial muscles of the lateral crus, showing the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.
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Transposition of the distal end of the cranial tibial muscle to cover adjacent wounds of the crus.
Transposition of the distal end of the cranial tibial muscle to cover adjacent wounds of the crus. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Transposition of the distal end of the cranial tibial muscle to cover adjacent wounds of the crus.
Transposition of the distal end of the cranial tibial muscle to cover adjacent wounds of the crus. Transposition of the distal end of the cranial tibial muscle to cover adjacent wounds of the crus.
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Lateral aspect of the skull showing the temporalis muscle. The zygomatic arch has been removed from A to B.
Lateral aspect of the skull showing the temporalis muscle. The zygomatic arch has been removed from A to B. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Lateral aspect of the skull showing the temporalis muscle. The zygomatic arch has been removed from A to B.
Lateral aspect of the skull showing the temporalis muscle. The zygomatic arch has been removed from A to B. Lateral aspect of the skull showing the temporalis muscle. The zygomatic arch has been removed from A to B.
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Creation of a full-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the transverse plane.
Creation of a full-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the transverse plane. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Creation of a full-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the transverse plane.
Creation of a full-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the transverse plane. Creation of a full-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the transverse plane.
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Creation of a partial-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the sagittal plane.
Creation of a partial-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the sagittal plane. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Creation of a partial-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the sagittal plane.
Creation of a partial-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the sagittal plane. Creation of a partial-thickness, ventrally based rostral muscle flap with an incision in the sagittal plane.
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Vascular supply to the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles. The cranial or caudal portions of these muscles can be transposed to adjacent areas, based on their respective pedicles.
Vascular supply to the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles. The cranial or caudal portions of these muscles can be transposed to adjacent areas, based on their respective pedicles. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Vascular supply to the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles. The cranial or caudal portions of these muscles can be transposed to adjacent areas, based on their respective pedicles.
Vascular supply to the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles. The cranial or caudal portions of these muscles can be transposed to adjacent areas, based on their respective pedicles. Vascular supply to the sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles. The cranial or caudal portions of these muscles can be transposed to adjacent areas, based on their respective pedicles.
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The anatomy and blood supply to the trapezius muscle and outline of the myocutaneous flap.
The anatomy and blood supply to the trapezius muscle and outline of the myocutaneous flap. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The anatomy and blood supply to the trapezius muscle and outline of the myocutaneous flap.
The anatomy and blood supply to the trapezius muscle and outline of the myocutaneous flap. The anatomy and blood supply to the trapezius muscle and outline of the myocutaneous flap.
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Elevation of a trapezius osteomyocutaneous flap.
Elevation of a trapezius osteomyocutaneous flap. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Elevation of a trapezius osteomyocutaneous flap.
Elevation of a trapezius osteomyocutaneous flap. Elevation of a trapezius osteomyocutaneous flap.
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Transposition of the cervical portion of the trapezius muscle, based on pedicles from the superficial cervical artery and vein.
Transposition of the cervical portion of the trapezius muscle, based on pedicles from the superficial cervical artery and vein. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp191_1.png
Image of Transposition of the cervical portion of the trapezius muscle, based on pedicles from the superficial cervical artery and vein.
Transposition of the cervical portion of the trapezius muscle, based on pedicles from the superficial cervical artery and vein. Transposition of the cervical portion of the trapezius muscle, based on pedicles from the superficial cervical artery and vein.
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Ventral aspect of the thorax of a cat, showing the superficial and deep pectoral muscles. The right superficial pectoral muscle has been removed.
Ventral aspect of the thorax of a cat, showing the superficial and deep pectoral muscles. The right superficial pectoral muscle has been removed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319558/figp192_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319558/figp192_1.png
Image of Ventral aspect of the thorax of a cat, showing the superficial and deep pectoral muscles. The right superficial pectoral muscle has been removed.
Ventral aspect of the thorax of a cat, showing the superficial and deep pectoral muscles. The right superficial pectoral muscle has been removed. Ventral aspect of the thorax of a cat, showing the superficial and deep pectoral muscles. The right superficial pectoral muscle has been removed.
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Incision of the origin of the deep pectoral muscle, and cranial transposition.
Incision of the origin of the deep pectoral muscle, and cranial transposition. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319558/figp192_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319558/figp192_2.png
Image of Incision of the origin of the deep pectoral muscle, and cranial transposition.
Incision of the origin of the deep pectoral muscle, and cranial transposition. Incision of the origin of the deep pectoral muscle, and cranial transposition.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig134
Landmarks for the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci myocutaneous flaps.
Landmarks for the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci myocutaneous flaps. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp193_1.png
Image of Landmarks for the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci myocutaneous flaps.
Landmarks for the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci myocutaneous flaps. Landmarks for the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci myocutaneous flaps.
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Elevation of a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and transposition to cover a thoracic wall defect.
Elevation of a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and transposition to cover a thoracic wall defect. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp193_2.png
Image of Elevation of a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and transposition to cover a thoracic wall defect.
Elevation of a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and transposition to cover a thoracic wall defect. Elevation of a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and transposition to cover a thoracic wall defect.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig136
Lateral aspect of the thorax and abdomen illustrating the external abdominal oblique muscle.
Lateral aspect of the thorax and abdomen illustrating the external abdominal oblique muscle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp194_1.png
Image of Lateral aspect of the thorax and abdomen illustrating the external abdominal oblique muscle.
Lateral aspect of the thorax and abdomen illustrating the external abdominal oblique muscle. Lateral aspect of the thorax and abdomen illustrating the external abdominal oblique muscle.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig137
Creation of a muscle flap by division of the fascial attachments and cranial transposition.
Creation of a muscle flap by division of the fascial attachments and cranial transposition. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319558/figp194_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319558/figp194_2.png
Image of Creation of a muscle flap by division of the fascial attachments and cranial transposition.
Creation of a muscle flap by division of the fascial attachments and cranial transposition. Creation of a muscle flap by division of the fascial attachments and cranial transposition.
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Closure of a caudal thoracic wall defect with the muscle flap, showing the neurovascular pedicle.
Closure of a caudal thoracic wall defect with the muscle flap, showing the neurovascular pedicle. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp194_3.png
Image of Closure of a caudal thoracic wall defect with the muscle flap, showing the neurovascular pedicle.
Closure of a caudal thoracic wall defect with the muscle flap, showing the neurovascular pedicle. Closure of a caudal thoracic wall defect with the muscle flap, showing the neurovascular pedicle.
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Wound closed.
Wound closed. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp194_4.png
Image of Wound closed.
Wound closed. Wound closed.
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Ventral aspect of the abdominal wall, showing the rectus abdominis and the cranial and caudal deep epigastric vessels.
Ventral aspect of the abdominal wall, showing the rectus abdominis and the cranial and caudal deep epigastric vessels. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp195_1.png
Image of Ventral aspect of the abdominal wall, showing the rectus abdominis and the cranial and caudal deep epigastric vessels.
Ventral aspect of the abdominal wall, showing the rectus abdominis and the cranial and caudal deep epigastric vessels. Ventral aspect of the abdominal wall, showing the rectus abdominis and the cranial and caudal deep epigastric vessels.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319558.chap9.fig141
Outline of the gracilis myocutaneous flap.
Outline of the gracilis myocutaneous flap. © 2009 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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10.22233/9781905319558/figp199_1.png
Image of Outline of the gracilis myocutaneous flap.
Outline of the gracilis myocutaneous flap. Outline of the gracilis myocutaneous flap.
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