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Respiratory system
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319794.chap18
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Respiratory system
- Author: John Chitty
- From: BSAVA Manual of Reptiles
- Item: Chapter 18, pp 309 - 322
- DOI: 10.22233/9781905319794.18
- Copyright: © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: March 2019
Abstract
Respiratory disease is common in reptiles, especially snakes and chelonians. A large part of this is due to inappropriate husbandry and certain anatomical features of the reptile respiratory system. This chapter covers anatomy and physiology, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, upper and lower respiratory tract disease, and summarizes management and therapeutics of respiratory disease.
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/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319794.chap18
Figures
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18.2
The paired choanae and glottis can be seen caudal to the gular fold in a young American alligator. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.2
The paired choanae and glottis can be seen caudal to the gular fold in a young American alligator.
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18.3
Endoscopic view of normal lung in a spur-thighed tortoise. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.3
Endoscopic view of normal lung in a spur-thighed tortoise.
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18.4
Normal lungs in tortoises: (a) craniocaudal radiograph of a leopard tortoise; (b) lateral radiograph of a leopard tortoise; (c) craniocaudal radiograph of a spur-thighed tortoise; note the normal asymmetry. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.4
Normal lungs in tortoises: (a) craniocaudal radiograph of a leopard tortoise; (b) lateral radiograph of a leopard tortoise; (c) craniocaudal radiograph of a spur-thighed tortoise; note the normal asymmetry.
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18.5
Extent of normal lungs and air sacs in lizards: (a) dorsoventral (DV) view of a bearded dragon showing the lungs and air sacs; (b) DV view of Bosc monitor showing the lungs and air sacs; (c) horizontal beam lateral view of a chameleon showing the air sacs. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.5
Extent of normal lungs and air sacs in lizards: (a) dorsoventral (DV) view of a bearded dragon showing the lungs and air sacs; (b) DV view of Bosc monitor showing the lungs and air sacs; (c) horizontal beam lateral view of a chameleon showing the air sacs.
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18.6
Red-eared terrapin with a right-lung pneumonia, showing altered buoyancy. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.6
Red-eared terrapin with a right-lung pneumonia, showing altered buoyancy.
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18.7
Common boa showing head-raised position with lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.7
Common boa showing head-raised position with lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD).
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18.10
Radiographic changes seen in extra-respiratory disease of tortoises. (a) Lateral and (b) dorsoventral radiographs of a Turkish tortoise with gastric stasis. The initial presentation suggested lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) but clinical signs resulted from compression of lung fields. (c) Lung compression in a case of egg-related peritonitis. The tortoise presented with dyspnoea: open-mouth breathing and gasping. (d) After abdominal drainage; respiratory signs improved markedly. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.10
Radiographic changes seen in extra-respiratory disease of tortoises. (a) Lateral and (b) dorsoventral radiographs of a Turkish tortoise with gastric stasis. The initial presentation suggested lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) but clinical signs resulted from compression of lung fields. (c) Lung compression in a case of egg-related peritonitis. The tortoise presented with dyspnoea: open-mouth breathing and gasping. (d) After abdominal drainage; respiratory signs improved markedly.
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18.12
Marginated tortoise that presented severely dyspnoeic with respiratory noise. Tracheoscopy indicated an abscess at the bifurcation of the trachea, possibly associated with inhalation of tomato seed. (a) Tracheotomy was performed to remove the abscess. (b) Tracheotomy tube (modified catheter) placed into one bronchus and maintained during treatment and healing. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.12
Marginated tortoise that presented severely dyspnoeic with respiratory noise. Tracheoscopy indicated an abscess at the bifurcation of the trachea, possibly associated with inhalation of tomato seed. (a) Tracheotomy was performed to remove the abscess. (b) Tracheotomy tube (modified catheter) placed into one bronchus and maintained during treatment and healing.
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18.13
Upper respiratory tract disease in a leopard tortoise. Note the nasal discharge. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.13
Upper respiratory tract disease in a leopard tortoise. Note the nasal discharge.
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18.16
Chelonian herpesvirus (ChHV) associated stomatitis. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.16
Chelonian herpesvirus (ChHV) associated stomatitis.
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18.17
Chronic granulomatous stomatitis in a python. Deeper infections may progress to osteomyelitis and upper respiratory infection. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.17
Chronic granulomatous stomatitis in a python. Deeper infections may progress to osteomyelitis and upper respiratory infection.
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18.18
Lateral radiograph of a Hermann’s tortoise. ‘Collapse’ of the spine and shell due to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism results in compression of lung fields and predisposes to lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.18
Lateral radiograph of a Hermann’s tortoise. ‘Collapse’ of the spine and shell due to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism results in compression of lung fields and predisposes to lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD).
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18.19
Lung tumour in a spur-thighed tortoise. (a) Lateral (horizontal-beam) radiography showed a mass in the left lung; note the lucency of the dorsal shell. (b) Biopsy via a transcarapacial approach revealed the mass to be a squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical signs related to hindlimb paresis, presumably due to involvement of the spinal column. (c) Cavitating lung lesion (abscess) in a spur-thighed tortoise. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.19
Lung tumour in a spur-thighed tortoise. (a) Lateral (horizontal-beam) radiography showed a mass in the left lung; note the lucency of the dorsal shell. (b) Biopsy via a transcarapacial approach revealed the mass to be a squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical signs related to hindlimb paresis, presumably due to involvement of the spinal column. (c) Cavitating lung lesion (abscess) in a spur-thighed tortoise.
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18.21
Radiographs of pneumonia in tortoises. (a) Diffuse pneumonia in a Hermann’s tortoise. (b) Severe fibrotic diffuse pneumonia in a tortoise. Systemic ceftazidime and F10 nebulization were used for 4 weeks. (c) Post-therapy radiograph. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.21
Radiographs of pneumonia in tortoises. (a) Diffuse pneumonia in a Hermann’s tortoise. (b) Severe fibrotic diffuse pneumonia in a tortoise. Systemic ceftazidime and F10 nebulization were used for 4 weeks. (c) Post-therapy radiograph.
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18.22
Radiographs of pneumonia in tortoises. (a) Craniocaudal view indicating a left-sided only pneumonia; (b) lateral view of the same animal shows an abscess in the cranial lung field. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.22
Radiographs of pneumonia in tortoises. (a) Craniocaudal view indicating a left-sided only pneumonia; (b) lateral view of the same animal shows an abscess in the cranial lung field.
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18.23
Endoscopic view of pneumonic lung in a Hermann’s tortoise. (a) The normal bronchus is seen on the left. There is congestion of lung tissues and a purulent discharge. (b) Diffuse pneumonia with pockets of inspissated pus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.23
Endoscopic view of pneumonic lung in a Hermann’s tortoise. (a) The normal bronchus is seen on the left. There is congestion of lung tissues and a purulent discharge. (b) Diffuse pneumonia with pockets of inspissated pus.
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18.24
Transcarapacial endoscopy in a Hermann’s tortoise. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.24
Transcarapacial endoscopy in a Hermann’s tortoise.
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18.26
Horizontal beam lateral view of a diffuse pneumonia in a bearded dragon. Note the lack of air-sac inflation and the presence of air in the stomach (aerophagia). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.26
Horizontal beam lateral view of a diffuse pneumonia in a bearded dragon. Note the lack of air-sac inflation and the presence of air in the stomach (aerophagia).
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18.27
As in other species, respiratory signs may be induced by extra-respiratory causes. In this bearded dragon, gut ileus impinges on the air sacs and lungs, causing dyspnoea: (a) dorsoventral view; (b) horizontal beam lateral view. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.27
As in other species, respiratory signs may be induced by extra-respiratory causes. In this bearded dragon, gut ileus impinges on the air sacs and lungs, causing dyspnoea: (a) dorsoventral view; (b) horizontal beam lateral view.
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18.29
Hospitalization of a common boa diagnosed with a bacterial pneumonia. Use of an ‘Aquabrooder’ enables provision of a warm humid atmosphere. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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18.29
Hospitalization of a common boa diagnosed with a bacterial pneumonia. Use of an ‘Aquabrooder’ enables provision of a warm humid atmosphere.