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Dyspnoea, tachypnoea and hyperpnoea
British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 105 (2013); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781910443149.4.2
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Dyspnoea, tachypnoea and hyperpnoea

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on immediate management, diagnostic approach and treatment of respiratory diseases, such as dyspnoea, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea and orthopnoea. : Management of severe dyspnoea; Oxygen therapy; Emergency thoracic radiography; Thoracocentesis; Inserting a chest drain; Inserting a small-bore wire-guided chest drain.

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Figures

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4.2.1
Grid system for auscultation of the thorax. Using this system each area of the pulmonary field is auscultated (and percussed), to help identify focal changes. In this patient, a loss of pulmonary sounds was identified in the cranial and ventral regions of the thorax due to the presence of a cranial mediastinal mass and associated pleural effusion. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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4.2.1 Grid system for auscultation of the thorax. Using this system each area of the pulmonary field is auscultated (and percussed), to help identify focal changes. In this patient, a loss of pulmonary sounds was identified in the cranial and ventral regions of the thorax due to the presence of a cranial mediastinal mass and associated pleural effusion.
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Placement of pulse oximeter probe on the tongue – suitable for anaesthetized, heavily sedated or comatose patients.
Placement of pulse oximeter probe on the tongue – suitable for anaesthetized, heavily sedated or comatose patients. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Placement of pulse oximeter probe on the tongue – suitable for anaesthetized, heavily sedated or comatose patients.
Placement of pulse oximeter probe on the tongue – suitable for anaesthetized, heavily sedated or comatose patients. Placement of pulse oximeter probe on the tongue – suitable for anaesthetized, heavily sedated or comatose patients.
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Placement of pulse oximeter probe upon the pinna – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented.
Placement of pulse oximeter probe upon the pinna – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Placement of pulse oximeter probe upon the pinna – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented.
Placement of pulse oximeter probe upon the pinna – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented. Placement of pulse oximeter probe upon the pinna – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented.
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Placement of pulse oximeter probe across the phalangeal pad – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented or in larger cats.
Placement of pulse oximeter probe across the phalangeal pad – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented or in larger cats. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Placement of pulse oximeter probe across the phalangeal pad – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented or in larger cats.
Placement of pulse oximeter probe across the phalangeal pad – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented or in larger cats. Placement of pulse oximeter probe across the phalangeal pad – suitable for conscious patients; may not work if skin pigmented or in larger cats.
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Flow-by oxygen delivery with a facemask.
Flow-by oxygen delivery with a facemask. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Flow-by oxygen delivery with a facemask.
Flow-by oxygen delivery with a facemask. Flow-by oxygen delivery with a facemask.
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Oxygen tents.
Oxygen tents. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Oxygen tents. Oxygen tents.
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Oxygen cage.
Oxygen cage. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Oxygen cage. Oxygen cage.
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Oxygen hood.
Oxygen hood. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Oxygen hood. Oxygen hood.
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Nasal catheter.
Nasal catheter. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Nasal catheter. Nasal catheter.
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Obtaining a DV view of a dyspnoeic cat using minimal restraint.
Obtaining a DV view of a dyspnoeic cat using minimal restraint. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Obtaining a DV view of a dyspnoeic cat using minimal restraint.
Obtaining a DV view of a dyspnoeic cat using minimal restraint. Obtaining a DV view of a dyspnoeic cat using minimal restraint.
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Obtaining an image with the cat in a carrier. Do not close the lid, or the grid will form part of the image. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney)
Obtaining an image with the cat in a carrier. Do not close the lid, or the grid will form part of the image. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Obtaining an image with the cat in a carrier. Do not close the lid, or the grid will form part of the image. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney)
Obtaining an image with the cat in a carrier. Do not close the lid, or the grid will form part of the image. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney) Obtaining an image with the cat in a carrier. Do not close the lid, or the grid will form part of the image. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney)
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PLEURAL EFFUSION. Bilateral pleural effusion. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney)
PLEURAL EFFUSION. Bilateral pleural effusion. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of PLEURAL EFFUSION. Bilateral pleural effusion. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney)
PLEURAL EFFUSION. Bilateral pleural effusion. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney) PLEURAL EFFUSION. Bilateral pleural effusion. (Courtesy of Paul Mahoney)
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FELINE LOWER AIRWAY DISEASE. Hyperinflation and increased bronchial markings, together with cranial bronchiectasis in a cat with asthma. The asymmetrical appearance of the diaphragm on the DV view is probably an artefact due to partial collapse of the right lung from the patient lying in right lateral recumbency. Old fractures of left ribs 8–11 can be seen on both views. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
FELINE LOWER AIRWAY DISEASE. Hyperinflation and increased bronchial markings, together with cranial bronchiectasis in a cat with asthma. The asymmetrical appearance of the diaphragm on the DV view is probably an artefact due to partial collapse of the right lung from the patient lying in right lateral recumbency. Old fractures of left ribs 8–11 can be seen on both views. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of FELINE LOWER AIRWAY DISEASE. Hyperinflation and increased bronchial markings, together with cranial bronchiectasis in a cat with asthma. The asymmetrical appearance of the diaphragm on the DV view is probably an artefact due to partial collapse of the right lung from the patient lying in right lateral recumbency. Old fractures of left ribs 8–11 can be seen on both views. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
FELINE LOWER AIRWAY DISEASE. Hyperinflation and increased bronchial markings, together with cranial bronchiectasis in a cat with asthma. The asymmetrical appearance of the diaphragm on the DV view is probably an artefact due to partial collapse of the right lung from the patient lying in right lateral recumbency. Old fractures of left ribs 8–11 can be seen on both views. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) FELINE LOWER AIRWAY DISEASE. Hyperinflation and increased bronchial markings, together with cranial bronchiectasis in a cat with asthma. The asymmetrical appearance of the diaphragm on the DV view is probably an artefact due to partial collapse of the right lung from the patient lying in right lateral recumbency. Old fractures of left ribs 8–11 can be seen on both views. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
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PULMONARY OEDEMA. Patchy areas of increased opacity are seen around the hilus and within the caudal lung fields, together with marked cardiomegaly. The diagnosis was cardiogenic oedema. (Courtesy of University of Liverpool)
PULMONARY OEDEMA. Patchy areas of increased opacity are seen around the hilus and within the caudal lung fields, together with marked cardiomegaly. The diagnosis was cardiogenic oedema. (Courtesy of University of Liverpool) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of PULMONARY OEDEMA. Patchy areas of increased opacity are seen around the hilus and within the caudal lung fields, together with marked cardiomegaly. The diagnosis was cardiogenic oedema. (Courtesy of University of Liverpool)
PULMONARY OEDEMA. Patchy areas of increased opacity are seen around the hilus and within the caudal lung fields, together with marked cardiomegaly. The diagnosis was cardiogenic oedema. (Courtesy of University of Liverpool) PULMONARY OEDEMA. Patchy areas of increased opacity are seen around the hilus and within the caudal lung fields, together with marked cardiomegaly. The diagnosis was cardiogenic oedema. (Courtesy of University of Liverpool)
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MEDIASTINAL MASS. A large soft tissue mass fills the cranial thorax, displacing the trachea dorsally and the heart and lungs caudally. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
MEDIASTINAL MASS. A large soft tissue mass fills the cranial thorax, displacing the trachea dorsally and the heart and lungs caudally. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of MEDIASTINAL MASS. A large soft tissue mass fills the cranial thorax, displacing the trachea dorsally and the heart and lungs caudally. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
MEDIASTINAL MASS. A large soft tissue mass fills the cranial thorax, displacing the trachea dorsally and the heart and lungs caudally. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) MEDIASTINAL MASS. A large soft tissue mass fills the cranial thorax, displacing the trachea dorsally and the heart and lungs caudally. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
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PNEUMOTHORAX. Bilateral pneumothorax, with marked increase in the opacity of the collapsed lung lobes. A chest drain is seen on the lateral view. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
PNEUMOTHORAX. Bilateral pneumothorax, with marked increase in the opacity of the collapsed lung lobes. A chest drain is seen on the lateral view. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of PNEUMOTHORAX. Bilateral pneumothorax, with marked increase in the opacity of the collapsed lung lobes. A chest drain is seen on the lateral view. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
PNEUMOTHORAX. Bilateral pneumothorax, with marked increase in the opacity of the collapsed lung lobes. A chest drain is seen on the lateral view. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) PNEUMOTHORAX. Bilateral pneumothorax, with marked increase in the opacity of the collapsed lung lobes. A chest drain is seen on the lateral view. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
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DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE. The stomach is identified in the right ventral thorax as a well defined gas-filled viscus, with the heart displaced craniodorsally and to the left. Several rib fractures can be seen. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE. The stomach is identified in the right ventral thorax as a well defined gas-filled viscus, with the heart displaced craniodorsally and to the left. Several rib fractures can be seen. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE. The stomach is identified in the right ventral thorax as a well defined gas-filled viscus, with the heart displaced craniodorsally and to the left. Several rib fractures can be seen. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE. The stomach is identified in the right ventral thorax as a well defined gas-filled viscus, with the heart displaced craniodorsally and to the left. Several rib fractures can be seen. (Courtesy of University of Bristol) DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE. The stomach is identified in the right ventral thorax as a well defined gas-filled viscus, with the heart displaced craniodorsally and to the left. Several rib fractures can be seen. (Courtesy of University of Bristol)
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Chest tube with trochar, Luer connector and stopcock.
Chest tube with trochar, Luer connector and stopcock. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Chest tube with trochar, Luer connector and stopcock.
Chest tube with trochar, Luer connector and stopcock. Chest tube with trochar, Luer connector and stopcock.
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Hold the tip of the trochar during insertion to prevent it penetrating too deeply.
Hold the tip of the trochar during insertion to prevent it penetrating too deeply. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Hold the tip of the trochar during insertion to prevent it penetrating too deeply.
Hold the tip of the trochar during insertion to prevent it penetrating too deeply. Hold the tip of the trochar during insertion to prevent it penetrating too deeply.
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1 = ‘Thumb-wheel’ adapter for wire introduction. 2 = Extra suture wings. 3 = Needle-free drainage cap. 4 = Locking cover for extra suture wing.
1 = ‘Thumb-wheel’ adapter for wire introduction. 2 = Extra suture wings. 3 = Needle-free drainage cap. 4 = Locking cover for extra suture wing. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of 1 = ‘Thumb-wheel’ adapter for wire introduction. 2 = Extra suture wings. 3 = Needle-free drainage cap. 4 = Locking cover for extra suture wing.
1 = ‘Thumb-wheel’ adapter for wire introduction. 2 = Extra suture wings. 3 = Needle-free drainage cap. 4 = Locking cover for extra suture wing. 1 = ‘Thumb-wheel’ adapter for wire introduction. 2 = Extra suture wings. 3 = Needle-free drainage cap. 4 = Locking cover for extra suture wing.
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