Imaging techniques

Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns; Johanna Storm

doi:10.22233/9781910443194.11

Imaging techniques

British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 105 (2019); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781910443194.11

/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11

Imaging techniques

GBP

BSAVA Library Pass Buy a pass

Authors: Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns and Johanna Storm
From: BSAVA Manual of Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery
Item: Chapter 11, pp 105 - 125
DOI: 10.22233/9781910443194.11
Copyright: © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
Publication Date: September 2019

Abstract

Avian patients will often be critically ill at clinical presentation. Conventional radiography and ultrasonography, together with specific laboratory tests, allow a rapid diagnosis in the live bird. This chapter provides an extensive guide to radiography and ultrasonography in poultry, and discusses the use of CT and MRI.

Preview this chapter:

Full text loading...

/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11

Figures

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_1

11.1

Patient positioning for (a) a ventrodorsal and (b) a lateral view of a chicken using a radiotranslucent fixation plate. Note: the bird is conscious during the procedure. For the lateral view, to avoid tilting of the body, radiotranslucent material such as a towel can be placed between the wings. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_1_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_1.png

11.1 Patient positioning for (a) a ventrodorsal and (b) a lateral view of a chicken using a radiotranslucent fixation plate. Note: the bird is conscious during the procedure. For the lateral view, to avoid tilting of the body, radiotranslucent material such as a towel can be placed between the wings.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_2

11.2

Patient positioning for a ventrodorsal view of the feet of an Orloff chicken using manual restraint. Note: it is important to keep the hands of the person restraining the bird outside the primary X-ray beam, even when wearing lead gloves. Other personal protective equipment such as a lead apron and thyroid gland protective collar should also be worn. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_2_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_2.png

11.2 Patient positioning for a ventrodorsal view of the feet of an Orloff chicken using manual restraint. Note: it is important to keep the hands of the person restraining the bird outside the primary X-ray beam, even when wearing lead gloves. Other personal protective equipment such as a lead apron and thyroid gland protective collar should also be worn.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_3

11.3

Patient positioning for a lateral view of a Pakistani partridge. General anaesthesia has been provided with isoflurane gas and the feet and wings have been fixed into position with adhesive tape. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_3_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_3.png

11.3 Patient positioning for a lateral view of a Pakistani partridge. General anaesthesia has been provided with isoflurane gas and the feet and wings have been fixed into position with adhesive tape.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_4

11.4

(a) Caudocranial view of the wing of a duck showing a distal fracture of the radius and ulna. (b) Mediolateral view of the wing of a duck with a distal fracture of the radius. In contrast to (a) a fracture of the ulna may be easily overlooked on this view. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_4_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_4.png

11.4 (a) Caudocranial view of the wing of a duck showing a distal fracture of the radius and ulna. (b) Mediolateral view of the wing of a duck with a distal fracture of the radius. In contrast to (a) a fracture of the ulna may be easily overlooked on this view.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_5

11.5

Ventrodorsal view of a female Indian Runner duck. The medullary bone in the femur and tibiotarsus (note the increased radiodensity) is denoted by the arrowheads. AS = caudal air sac region; AX = axillary air sacs; H = heart; HL = the ‘waist’ of the hourglass shape caused by the heart and liver shadows; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_5_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_5.png

11.5 Ventrodorsal view of a female Indian Runner duck. The medullary bone in the femur and tibiotarsus (note the increased radiodensity) is denoted by the arrowheads. AS = caudal air sac region; AX = axillary air sacs; H = heart; HL = the ‘waist’ of the hourglass shape caused by the heart and liver shadows; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_6

11.6

Ventrodorsal view of a Japanese Bantam. Note that there is no hourglass shape created by the heart and liver shadows and that the bones of the legs are relatively short (compared with Figure 11.15 ). AS = caudal air sac region; CR = crop; H = heart; INT = intestines; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_6_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_6.png

11.6 Ventrodorsal view of a Japanese Bantam. Note that there is no hourglass shape created by the heart and liver shadows and that the bones of the legs are relatively short (compared with Figure 11.15 ). AS = caudal air sac region; CR = crop; H = heart; INT = intestines; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_7

11.7

Ventrodorsal view of a chicken prior to laying an egg. Due to the space-occupying process (developed egg), the inner organs such as the heart, lungs, air sacs and liver cannot be properly assessed. AS = caudal air sacs; CR = crop; E = egg; H =heart; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_7_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_7.png

11.7 Ventrodorsal view of a chicken prior to laying an egg. Due to the space-occupying process (developed egg), the inner organs such as the heart, lungs, air sacs and liver cannot be properly assessed. AS = caudal air sacs; CR = crop; E = egg; H =heart; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_8

11.8

Lateral view of a goose. Due to the poor positioning (the legs have not been pulled caudally as far as possible), there is superimposition in the caudal body cavity and the organs cannot be properly assessed. H = heart; INT = intestines; LU = lung region; P = proventriculus; V = large heart vessels; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_8_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_8.png

11.8 Lateral view of a goose. Due to the poor positioning (the legs have not been pulled caudally as far as possible), there is superimposition in the caudal body cavity and the organs cannot be properly assessed. H = heart; INT = intestines; LU = lung region; P = proventriculus; V = large heart vessels; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_9

11.9

Lateral view of a female Indian Runner duck. The medullary bone in the femur and tibiotarsus (note the increased radiodensity) is denoted by the arrowheads. AS = caudal air sac region; C = cloaca; H = heart; INT = intestines; LI = liver region; LU = lung region; O = region of the ovary; S = spleen; SY = typically elongated syrinx; T = trachea; V = large heart vessel; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_9_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_9.png

11.9 Lateral view of a female Indian Runner duck. The medullary bone in the femur and tibiotarsus (note the increased radiodensity) is denoted by the arrowheads. AS = caudal air sac region; C = cloaca; H = heart; INT = intestines; LI = liver region; LU = lung region; O = region of the ovary; S = spleen; SY = typically elongated syrinx; T = trachea; V = large heart vessel; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_10

11.10

Lateral view of a Japanese Bantam. Note that due to the normally ingesta-filled and distended intestines, the caudal air sacs are not usually visible in Galliformes. In addition, the bones of the hindlimbs are relatively short (compared with Figure 11.15 ) and the pygostyle points dorsally. C = cloaca; H = heart; INT = intestines; LI = liver region; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_10_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_10.png

11.10 Lateral view of a Japanese Bantam. Note that due to the normally ingesta-filled and distended intestines, the caudal air sacs are not usually visible in Galliformes. In addition, the bones of the hindlimbs are relatively short (compared with Figure 11.15 ) and the pygostyle points dorsally. C = cloaca; H = heart; INT = intestines; LI = liver region; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_11

11.11

Lateral view of a chicken prior to laying an egg. Due to the space-occupying process (developed egg), the inner organs such as the heart, lung, air sacs and liver cannot be properly assessed. CR = crop; E = egg; H = heart; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_11_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_11.png

11.11 Lateral view of a chicken prior to laying an egg. Due to the space-occupying process (developed egg), the inner organs such as the heart, lung, air sacs and liver cannot be properly assessed. CR = crop; E = egg; H = heart; LU = lung region; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_12

11.12

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_12_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_12.png

11.12 Mediolateral view of the wing of a Game Bantam.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_13

11.13

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_13_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_13.png

11.13 Patient positioning for a caudocranial view of the wing of a chicken.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_14

11.14

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_14_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_14.png

11.14 Caudocranial view of the wing of a Game Bantam.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_15

11.15

Ventrodorsal view of the legs of a Bantam cockerel. Note the typically long legs of this breed (compared with Figure 11.6 ). The arrowheads denote the spurs. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_15_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_15.png

11.15 Ventrodorsal view of the legs of a Bantam cockerel. Note the typically long legs of this breed (compared with Figure 11.6 ). The arrowheads denote the spurs.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_16

11.16

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_16_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_16.png

11.16 Lateral view of the skull of a Crested duck. The arrowhead denotes the bony protuberantia of the crest. * = crest.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_17

11.17

(a) Ventrodorsal and (b) lateral view of a goldeneye. AS = caudal air sac region; AX = axillary air sacs; BT = bulla tympaniformis; H = heart; HL = the ‘waist’ of the hourglass shape caused by the heart and liver shadows; INT = intestines; K = region of the kidneys; LU = lung region; T = physiological widening of the trachea; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_17_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_17.png

11.17 (a) Ventrodorsal and (b) lateral view of a goldeneye. AS = caudal air sac region; AX = axillary air sacs; BT = bulla tympaniformis; H = heart; HL = the ‘waist’ of the hourglass shape caused by the heart and liver shadows; INT = intestines; K = region of the kidneys; LU = lung region; T = physiological widening of the trachea; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_18

11.18

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_18_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_18.png

11.18 Ventrodorsal view of the feet of a Faverolle cockerel. Note the polydactyly (open arrowheads) and spur (solid arrowheads).

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_19

11.19

(a) Ventrodorsal and (b) lateral view of a chicken 50 minutes after the ingestion of barium sulphate contrast medium. CR = crop; D = duodenal loop; OE = oesophagus; P = proventriculus; VEN = ventriculus. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_19_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_19.png

11.19 (a) Ventrodorsal and (b) lateral view of a chicken 50 minutes after the ingestion of barium sulphate contrast medium. CR = crop; D = duodenal loop; OE = oesophagus; P = proventriculus; VEN = ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_20

11.20

Ventrodorsal view of the legs of a female Indian Runner duck. This image clearly shows soft tissue swelling and reorganization in the right medial toe (white arrowhead), arthritis in the left toe (open arrowhead) and medullary bone in both proximal tibiotarsi (black arrowheads). Note also that due to the erect leg posture in this particular duck breed, the intra-articular space in the hock joint is extremely narrow. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_20_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_20.png

11.20 Ventrodorsal view of the legs of a female Indian Runner duck. This image clearly shows soft tissue swelling and reorganization in the right medial toe (white arrowhead), arthritis in the left toe (open arrowhead) and medullary bone in both proximal tibiotarsi (black arrowheads). Note also that due to the erect leg posture in this particular duck breed, the intra-articular space in the hock joint is extremely narrow.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_21

11.21

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_21_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_21.png

11.21 Ventrodorsal view of a young turkey with tibiotarsal rotation. Note the wide joint space, which is physiological in young birds.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_22

11.22

Ventrodorsal view of a red junglefowl with severe osteomyelitis in both ulnar bones and mild disease in both radial bones. This could be a sign of salmonellosis. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_22_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_22.png

11.22 Ventrodorsal view of a red junglefowl with severe osteomyelitis in both ulnar bones and mild disease in both radial bones. This could be a sign of salmonellosis.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_23

11.23

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_23_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_23.png

11.23 Ventrodorsal view of a male Mandarin duck showing chondrosarcoma of the periosteum in both wings.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_24

11.24

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_24_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_24.png

11.24 Ventrodorsal view of lesser whitefronted goose showing severe osteolysis in both knee joints due to tuberculosis.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_25

11.25

Ventrodorsal view of a female Indian Runner duck. Medullary bone is visible in the long bones of the legs and the shoulder girdle. It is not possible to differentiate the internal organs, with the exception of the displaced ventriculus, due to the presence of ascites (see also Figure 11.41 ). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_25_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_25.png

11.25 Ventrodorsal view of a female Indian Runner duck. Medullary bone is visible in the long bones of the legs and the shoulder girdle. It is not possible to differentiate the internal organs, with the exception of the displaced ventriculus, due to the presence of ascites (see also Figure 11.41 ).

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_26

11.26

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_26_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_26.png

11.26 Lateral view of a peacock showing a lung granuloma due to mycobacteriosis.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_27

11.27

Ventrodorsal view of a duck with gunshot wounds. Apart from the radiodense shotgun pellets embedded within the soft tissues and the obvious humeral fracture, note that the heart apex and liver edges can be clearly differentiated. This is due to air sac rupture within this area and, as air is a negative contrast medium, the organs have become clearly outlined on the image. This is commonly seen following trauma. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_27_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_27.png

11.27 Ventrodorsal view of a duck with gunshot wounds. Apart from the radiodense shotgun pellets embedded within the soft tissues and the obvious humeral fracture, note that the heart apex and liver edges can be clearly differentiated. This is due to air sac rupture within this area and, as air is a negative contrast medium, the organs have become clearly outlined on the image. This is commonly seen following trauma.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_28

11.28

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_28_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_28.png

11.28 Lateral view of a pheasant showing enlarged and partially gas-filled intestinal loops as a result of a parasitic infection.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_29

11.29

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_29_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_29.png

11.29 Lateral view of a Pakistani partridge showing radiodense foreign bodies within the ventriculus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_30

11.30

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_30_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_30.png

11.30 Ventrodorsal view of a painted shelduck showing massive liver enlargement due to neoplasia.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_31

11.31

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_31_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_31.png

11.31 Lateral view of an Indian Runner duck showing an enlarged spleen (arrowheads).

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_32

11.32

Ventrodorsal view of a Game Bantam showing active testes (arrowheads). These should not be confused with kidney tumours. Note the extremely well developed musculature of the hindlimbs. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_32_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_32.png

11.32 Ventrodorsal view of a Game Bantam showing active testes (arrowheads). These should not be confused with kidney tumours. Note the extremely well developed musculature of the hindlimbs.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_33

11.33

Ventrodorsal view of a female partridge with egg yolk peritonitis (compare with Figure 11.48 ). There is no differentiation of the internal organs and egg structures are visible in the caudal abdomen (arrowhead). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_33_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_33.png

11.33 Ventrodorsal view of a female partridge with egg yolk peritonitis (compare with Figure 11.48 ). There is no differentiation of the internal organs and egg structures are visible in the caudal abdomen (arrowhead).

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_34

11.34

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_34_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_34.png

11.34 Ventrodorsal view of a chicken with soft-shelled eggs.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_35

11.35

Patient positioning for an ultrasound examination of an Orloff chicken using the ventromedian coupling site. Once the feathers are parted and acoustic gel applied, the transducer is positioned caudal to the sternum. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_35_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_35.png

11.35 Patient positioning for an ultrasound examination of an Orloff chicken using the ventromedian coupling site. Once the feathers are parted and acoustic gel applied, the transducer is positioned caudal to the sternum.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_36

11.36

Patient positioning for an ultrasound examination of a Faverolle using the parasternal coupling site. Once the feathers are parted and acoustic gel applied, the transducer is positioned caudal to the last rib. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_36_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_36.png

11.36 Patient positioning for an ultrasound examination of a Faverolle using the parasternal coupling site. Once the feathers are parted and acoustic gel applied, the transducer is positioned caudal to the last rib.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_37

11.37

Echocardiograms of a Game Bantam. (a) Ventromedian view during systole. (b) Ventromedian view during diastole. (c) Parasternal short-axis view. GB = gallbladder; L = left ventricle; LI = liver; R = right ventricle. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_37_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_37.png

11.37 Echocardiograms of a Game Bantam. (a) Ventromedian view during systole. (b) Ventromedian view during diastole. (c) Parasternal short-axis view. GB = gallbladder; L = left ventricle; LI = liver; R = right ventricle.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_38

11.38

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_38_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_38.png

11.38 Ultrasonogram of a pheasant obtained using a ventromedian approach. The intestinal loops, which are filled with ingesta (*), are clearly visible.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_39

11.39

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_39_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_39.png

11.39 Ultrasonogram of a goose obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the ventriculus. G = grit; M = muscle.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_40

11.40

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_40_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_40.png

11.40 Ultrasonogram of a quail obtained using a ventromedian approach showing distended intestinal loops due to parasitic infection.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_41

11.41

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_41_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_41.png

11.41 Ultrasonogram of an Indian Runner duck obtained using a ventromedian approach showing ascites due to liver congestion. A = ascites; H = heart.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_42

11.42

(a) Ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the liver parenchyma and large hepatic vessels. (b) Doppler ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the blood flow in the hepatic vessels. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_42_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_42.png

11.42 (a) Ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the liver parenchyma and large hepatic vessels. (b) Doppler ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the blood flow in the hepatic vessels.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_43

11.43

Ultrasonogram of a goose obtained using a ventromedian approach showing increased homogeneous echogenicity of the liver parenchyma. The diagnosis was confirmed as hepatitis due to Salmonella infection. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_43_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_43.png

11.43 Ultrasonogram of a goose obtained using a ventromedian approach showing increased homogeneous echogenicity of the liver parenchyma. The diagnosis was confirmed as hepatitis due to Salmonella infection.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_44

11.44

Ultrasonogram of a Faverolle obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the irregular structure and heterogeneous echogenicity of the liver parenchyma. The diagnosis was confirmed as liver neoplasia due to leucosis. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_44_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_44.png

11.44 Ultrasonogram of a Faverolle obtained using a ventromedian approach showing the irregular structure and heterogeneous echogenicity of the liver parenchyma. The diagnosis was confirmed as liver neoplasia due to leucosis.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_45

11.45

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_45_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_45.png

11.45 Ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing an active ovary (O). F = follicle.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_46

11.46

Ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing an intact calcified egg. Note that due to artefacts, the eggshell may be misinterpreted as being broken (arrowheads). © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_46_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_46.png

11.46 Ultrasonogram of a chicken obtained using a ventromedian approach showing an intact calcified egg. Note that due to artefacts, the eggshell may be misinterpreted as being broken (arrowheads).

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_47

11.47

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_47_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_47.png

11.47 Ultrasonogram of a Japanese Bantam obtained using a ventromedian approach showing a laminated egg. Note the typical onion-like structure (arrowhead).

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_48

11.48

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_48_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_48.png

11.48 Ultrasonogram of an Indian Runner duck obtained using a ventromedian approach showing egg peritonitis. A = ascites.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_49

11.49

Patient positioning for computed tomography using a restraint plate. As the examination only takes a few minutes and the equipment is not noisy (in contrast to magnetic resonance imaging), it is possible to perform the assessment without sedation in most birds. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_49_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_49.png

11.49 Patient positioning for computed tomography using a restraint plate. As the examination only takes a few minutes and the equipment is not noisy (in contrast to magnetic resonance imaging), it is possible to perform the assessment without sedation in most birds.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_50

11.50

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_50_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_50.png

11.50 Computed tomographic image of a chicken showing how to obtain bone density measurements of the tibiotarsus.

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443194.chap11.fig11_51

11.51

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_51_thumb.gif

10.22233/9781910443194/fig11_51.png

11.51 Magnetic resonance image of the skull of a Crested duck. The crest (+) and the lipoma (*) within the cerebellum are easily identifiable.