1887
Rigid endoscopy: arthroscopy
British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 188 (2008); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781905319572.13
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endoscopy and Endosurgery
  4. Chapter

Rigid endoscopy: arthroscopy

image of Rigid endoscopy: arthroscopy
GBP
Online Access: £ 25.00 + VAT
BSAVA Library Pass Buy a pass

Abstract

PLEASE NOTE THAT A MORE RECENT EDITION OF THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE IN THE LIBRARY

The use of rigid endoscopy for joint surgery has been the standard in human and equine orthopaedics for over three decades. The use of arthroscopy in small animals for the treatment and diagnosis of joint diseases has increased dramatically in the last 10-15 years due to advances in equipment and techniques. Numerous benefits of arthroscopy have been cited, including improved viewing and magnification of lesions, decreased operative time, minimal joint trauma, and lower patient morbidity. There is, however, a considerable learning curve, and these advantages can only be achieved through practice and an understanding and correct selection of arthroscopic equipment. This chapter provides am introduction to small animal arthroscopy through its indications, ancillary procedures, instrumentation and current applications.

Preview this chapter:
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13

Figures

/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig1
13.1
Dedicated arthroscopic suite for minimally invasive surgical techniques. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_1.png
Image of 13.1
13.1 Dedicated arthroscopic suite for minimally invasive surgical techniques.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig2
13.2
Arthroscope tip, showing the arrangement of components. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_2.png
Image of 13.2
13.2 Arthroscope tip, showing the arrangement of components.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig3
13.3
1.9 mm, 2.4 mm and 2.7 mm arthroscopes. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_3_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_3.png
Image of 13.3
13.3 1.9 mm, 2.4 mm and 2.7 mm arthroscopes.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig4
13.4
Field of view for a 2.7 mm arthroscope. The 2.4 mm arthroscope has a similar field of view. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_4_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_4.png
Image of 13.4
13.4 Field of view for a 2.7 mm arthroscope. The 2.4 mm arthroscope has a similar field of view.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig5
13.5
A 2.7 mm arthroscope plus protective cover, cannula and obturators. Sharp and blunt obturator tips. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_5_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_5.png
Image of 13.5
13.5 A 2.7 mm arthroscope plus protective cover, cannula and obturators. Sharp and blunt obturator tips.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig6
13.6
A basic arthroscopy instrument kit. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_6_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_6.png
Image of 13.6
13.6 A basic arthroscopy instrument kit.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig7
13.7
Instrument cannulae for elbow and shoulder arthroscopy, with switching stick (top). © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_7_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_7.png
Image of 13.7
13.7 Instrument cannulae for elbow and shoulder arthroscopy, with switching stick (top).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig8
13.8
A 2 mm 90 degree probe. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_8_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_8.png
Image of 13.8
13.8 A 2 mm 90 degree probe.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig9
13.9
Grasping forceps: locking and non-locking handles; locking forceps with grasping teeth for large fragment removal; a variety of tips; close-up of rat tooth tip. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_9_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_9.png
Image of 13.9
13.9 Grasping forceps: locking and non-locking handles; locking forceps with grasping teeth for large fragment removal; a variety of tips; close-up of rat tooth tip.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig10
13.10
A 2.0 mm hand burr for curettage of cartilage and bone. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_10_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_10.png
Image of 13.10
13.10 A 2.0 mm hand burr for curettage of cartilage and bone.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig11
13.11
Arthroscopic knives: hook; forward cutting. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_11_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_11.png
Image of 13.11
13.11 Arthroscopic knives: hook; forward cutting.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig12
13.12
Hand pressure infusion cuff. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_12_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_12.png
Image of 13.12
13.12 Hand pressure infusion cuff.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig13
13.13
Dr Fritz aiming device for triangulation of instruments. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_13_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_13.png
Image of 13.13
13.13 Dr Fritz aiming device for triangulation of instruments.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig14
13.14
Four quarter draping of the right elbow for arthroscopy. Hanging limb for routine elbow arthroscopy used for preparation only. The limb is then laid parallel to the table for arthroscopic procedure. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_14_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_14.png
Image of 13.14
13.14 Four quarter draping of the right elbow for arthroscopy. Hanging limb for routine elbow arthroscopy used for preparation only. The limb is then laid parallel to the table for arthroscopic procedure.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig15
13.15
Impermeable drape used to prevent strikethrough. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_15_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_15.png
Image of 13.15
13.15 Impermeable drape used to prevent strikethrough.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig16
13.16
Multiarm positional aid and stifle brace for Multiarm attachment. (Courtesy of Veterinary Instrumentation, Sheffield) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_16_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_16.png
Image of 13.16
13.16 Multiarm positional aid and stifle brace for Multiarm attachment. (Courtesy of Veterinary Instrumentation, Sheffield)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig17
13.17
Shoulder joint. a = Humeral head; b = Subscapularis tendon; c = Medial glenohumeral ligament; d = Glenoid cavity. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_17_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_17.png
Image of 13.17
13.17 Shoulder joint. a = Humeral head; b = Subscapularis tendon; c = Medial glenohumeral ligament; d = Glenoid cavity.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig18
13.18
Model demonstrating the position of portals for shoulder arthroscopy. A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_18_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_18.png
Image of 13.18
13.18 Model demonstrating the position of portals for shoulder arthroscopy. A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig19
13.19
Normal arthroscopic anatomy of medial shoulder joint. a = Glenoid; b = MGHL; c = Subscapularis tendon; d = Humeral head. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_19_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_19.png
Image of 13.19
13.19 Normal arthroscopic anatomy of medial shoulder joint. a = Glenoid; b = MGHL; c = Subscapularis tendon; d = Humeral head.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig20
13.20
Normal caudal humeral head. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_20_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_20.png
Image of 13.20
13.20 Normal caudal humeral head.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig21
13.21
Normal caudomedial gutter. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_21_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_21.png
Image of 13.21
13.21 Normal caudomedial gutter.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig22
13.22
Cranial compartment. Normal origin of biceps tendon and cranial joint capsule. Normal variant of biceps tendon. Bipartite biceps tendon. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_22_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_22.png
Image of 13.22
13.22 Cranial compartment. Normal origin of biceps tendon and cranial joint capsule. Normal variant of biceps tendon. Bipartite biceps tendon.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig23
13.23
Lateral compartment. Origin of lateral glenohumeral ligament. Normal variant. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_23_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_23.png
Image of 13.23
13.23 Lateral compartment. Origin of lateral glenohumeral ligament. Normal variant.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig24
13.24
Positioning of the patient for suspended limb shoulder arthroscopy. Note the position of the head to facilitate easy access to the craniomedial aspect of the shoulder. (Courtesy of C Deintt) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_24_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_24.png
Image of 13.24
13.24 Positioning of the patient for suspended limb shoulder arthroscopy. Note the position of the head to facilitate easy access to the craniomedial aspect of the shoulder. (Courtesy of C Deintt)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig25
13.25
OCD: lesion. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_25_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_25.png
Image of 13.25
13.25 OCD: lesion.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig26
13.26
OCD fragment being grasped. (Courtesy of B Van Ryssen) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_26_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_26.png
Image of 13.26
13.26 OCD fragment being grasped. (Courtesy of B Van Ryssen)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig27
13.27
Incomplete ossification of the caudal glenoid. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_27_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_27.png
Image of 13.27
13.27 Incomplete ossification of the caudal glenoid.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig28
13.28
Subscapularis tear. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_28_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_28.png
Image of 13.28
13.28 Subscapularis tear.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig29
13.29
A 3.0 mm Capsure probe being used to shrink the medial compartment of the shoulder joint. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_29_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_29.png
Image of 13.29
13.29 A 3.0 mm Capsure probe being used to shrink the medial compartment of the shoulder joint.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig30
13.30
LGHL tear. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_30_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_30.png
Image of 13.30
13.30 LGHL tear.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig31
13.31
Arthroscopic repair of a LGHL tear. Placement of the suture anchor. Advancement of the suture material into the joint, to ensure adequate visualization. A lasso is used to extract the suture through the capsular tissue. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_31_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_31.png
Image of 13.31
13.31 Arthroscopic repair of a LGHL tear. Placement of the suture anchor. Advancement of the suture material into the joint, to ensure adequate visualization. A lasso is used to extract the suture through the capsular tissue.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig32
13.32
Transverse ultrasound image of the biceps tendon, showing a hypoechoic ‘core’ lesion. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_32_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_32.png
Image of 13.32
13.32 Transverse ultrasound image of the biceps tendon, showing a hypoechoic ‘core’ lesion.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig33
13.33
Arthroscopic view of the biceps, showing severe synovial hyperaemia. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_33_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_33.png
Image of 13.33
13.33 Arthroscopic view of the biceps, showing severe synovial hyperaemia.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig34
13.34
Normal biceps: with the shoulder in full flexion, the elbow cannot fully be extended. Ruptured biceps: the elbow can be fully extended. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_34_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_34.png
Image of 13.34
13.34 Normal biceps: with the shoulder in full flexion, the elbow cannot fully be extended. Ruptured biceps: the elbow can be fully extended.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig35
13.35
Partial rupture of the biceps tendon. Tenotomy using arthroscopic scissors. (Courtesy of B Van Ryssen) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_35_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_35.png
Image of 13.35
13.35 Partial rupture of the biceps tendon. Tenotomy using arthroscopic scissors. (Courtesy of B Van Ryssen)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig36
13.36
Model demonstrating the position of portals for elbow arthroscopy. A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_36_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_36.png
Image of 13.36
13.36 Model demonstrating the position of portals for elbow arthroscopy. A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig37
13.37
Normal arthroscopic anatomy of the elbow: humerus and anconeal process; caudal trochlear notch; central trochlear notch; cranial trochlear notch; lateral coronoid process and radial head; and radial head and intercondylar fossa. CaTN = Caudal troachlear notch; CeTN = Central trochlear notch; CrTN = Cranial trochlear notch; H = Humerus; ICF = Intercondylar fossa; LCP = Lateral coronoid process; RH = Radial head. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_37_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_37.png
Image of 13.37
13.37 Normal arthroscopic anatomy of the elbow: humerus and anconeal process; caudal trochlear notch; central trochlear notch; cranial trochlear notch; lateral coronoid process and radial head; and radial head and intercondylar fossa. CaTN = Caudal troachlear notch; CeTN = Central trochlear notch; CrTN = Cranial trochlear notch; H = Humerus; ICF = Intercondylar fossa; LCP = Lateral coronoid process; RH = Radial head.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig38
13.38
Varying degrees of pathology, from cartilage fissure to complete displacement of fragment, seen with fragmentation of the coronoid process. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_38_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_38.png
Image of 13.38
13.38 Varying degrees of pathology, from cartilage fissure to complete displacement of fragment, seen with fragmentation of the coronoid process.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig39
13.39
Synovitis associated with elbow pathology, in this case a displaced fragmented coronoid visible below inflamed synovium. The yellow discoloration of the bone is caused by necrosis. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_39_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_39.png
Image of 13.39
13.39 Synovitis associated with elbow pathology, in this case a displaced fragmented coronoid visible below inflamed synovium. The yellow discoloration of the bone is caused by necrosis.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig40
13.40
Non-displaced OCD lesion of the medial humeral head of the humerus. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_40_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_40.png
Image of 13.40
13.40 Non-displaced OCD lesion of the medial humeral head of the humerus.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig41
13.41
A non-displaced UAP. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_41_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_41.png
Image of 13.41
13.41 A non-displaced UAP.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig42
13.42
Significant medial compartment OA. Note the distinct demarcation between the medial and lateral compartments of the joint. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_42_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_42.png
Image of 13.42
13.42 Significant medial compartment OA. Note the distinct demarcation between the medial and lateral compartments of the joint.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig43
13.43
Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle. A circumferential cartilage defect can be seen clearly in the centre of the humeral condyle. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_43_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_43.png
Image of 13.43
13.43 Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle. A circumferential cartilage defect can be seen clearly in the centre of the humeral condyle.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig44
13.44
Model demonstrating the position of portals for carpal arthroscopy. A1 and A2 = Represent alternative suggested arthroscope portal sites. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_44_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_44.png
Image of 13.44
13.44 Model demonstrating the position of portals for carpal arthroscopy. A1 and A2 = Represent alternative suggested arthroscope portal sites.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig45
13.45
Normal arthroscopic view of the antebrachial carpal joint. The radius is at the top, with the radiocarpal bone below. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_45_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_45.png
Image of 13.45
13.45 Normal arthroscopic view of the antebrachial carpal joint. The radius is at the top, with the radiocarpal bone below.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig46
13.46
Cases of severe carpal synovitis can be investigated arthroscopically. (Courtesy of J Cook) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_46_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_46.png
Image of 13.46
13.46 Cases of severe carpal synovitis can be investigated arthroscopically. (Courtesy of J Cook)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig47
13.47
Carpal chip fracture. Fracture . Fragment being removed using 2.7 mm grasping forceps. Power shaver being used to debride the carpal defect in the subchondral bone. (Courtesy of J Cook) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_47_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_47.png
Image of 13.47
13.47 Carpal chip fracture. Fracture . Fragment being removed using 2.7 mm grasping forceps. Power shaver being used to debride the carpal defect in the subchondral bone. (Courtesy of J Cook)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig48
13.48
Hip portals. Model demonstrating the position of portals for right hip arthroscopy. Clinical arthroscopy of the left hip (dorsal surface uppermost; head is to the left). A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_48_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_48.png
Image of 13.48
13.48 Hip portals. Model demonstrating the position of portals for right hip arthroscopy. Clinical arthroscopy of the left hip (dorsal surface uppermost; head is to the left). A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig49
13.49
Normal arthroscopic anatomy of the right coxofemoral joint. CaAR = Caudal acetabular rim; CaFH = Caudal femoral head; CrAR = Cranial acetabular rim; CrFH = cranial femoral head; JC = Joint capsule. AcF = Acetabular fossa; CaFH = Caudal femoral head; CaJC = Caudal joint capsule; FH = Femoral head; FN = Femoral neck; TL = Teres ligament. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_49_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_49.png
Image of 13.49
13.49 Normal arthroscopic anatomy of the right coxofemoral joint. CaAR = Caudal acetabular rim; CaFH = Caudal femoral head; CrAR = Cranial acetabular rim; CrFH = cranial femoral head; JC = Joint capsule. AcF = Acetabular fossa; CaFH = Caudal femoral head; CaJC = Caudal joint capsule; FH = Femoral head; FN = Femoral neck; TL = Teres ligament.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig50
13.50
Septic arthritis in the hip of a dog presented for total hip replacement. (Courtesy of J Cook) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_50_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_50.png
Image of 13.50
13.50 Septic arthritis in the hip of a dog presented for total hip replacement. (Courtesy of J Cook)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig51
13.51
Mildly displaced acetabular fracture with concomitant labral tear. (Courtesy of J Cook) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_51_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_51.png
Image of 13.51
13.51 Mildly displaced acetabular fracture with concomitant labral tear. (Courtesy of J Cook)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig52
13.52
Hyperplastic synovium. This may need removing in order to visualize the intra-articular structures. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_52_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_52.png
Image of 13.52
13.52 Hyperplastic synovium. This may need removing in order to visualize the intra-articular structures.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig53
13.53
Placement of a disposable plastic egress cannula into the proximolateral pouch of the stifle. Femoropatellar joint space with the patella above. The egress cannula can just be seen on the left side of the image. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_53_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_53.png
Image of 13.53
13.53 Placement of a disposable plastic egress cannula into the proximolateral pouch of the stifle. Femoropatellar joint space with the patella above. The egress cannula can just be seen on the left side of the image.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig54
13.54
Stifle prepared and draped for arthroscopy. Impermeable plastic drape used to prevent breakdown of asepsis. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_54_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_54.png
Image of 13.54
13.54 Stifle prepared and draped for arthroscopy. Impermeable plastic drape used to prevent breakdown of asepsis.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig55
13.55
Model demonstrating position of portals for stifle arthroscopy. A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_55_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_55.png
Image of 13.55
13.55 Model demonstrating position of portals for stifle arthroscopy. A = Arthroscope portal; E = Egress portal; I = Instrument portal.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig56
13.56
Origin of the long digital extensor tendon. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_56_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_56.png
Image of 13.56
13.56 Origin of the long digital extensor tendon.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig57
13.57
Normal cruciate ligament. CaCL = Caudal cruciate ligament; CrCL = Cranial cruciate ligament. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_57_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_57.png
Image of 13.57
13.57 Normal cruciate ligament. CaCL = Caudal cruciate ligament; CrCL = Cranial cruciate ligament.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig58
13.58
Flounce of normal medial meniscus (arrowed). Normal medial meniscus (arrowed). © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_58_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_58.png
Image of 13.58
13.58 Flounce of normal medial meniscus (arrowed). Normal medial meniscus (arrowed).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig59
13.59
Medial meniscal caudal horn fold. The meniscus (M) appears normal until the joint is flexed. After the stifle is flexed the caudal horn (CH) is folded cranially. Treatment with radiofrequency ablation. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_59_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_59.png
Image of 13.59
13.59 Medial meniscal caudal horn fold. The meniscus (M) appears normal until the joint is flexed. After the stifle is flexed the caudal horn (CH) is folded cranially. Treatment with radiofrequency ablation.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig60
13.60
stifle OCD lesion of the medial trochlear ridge. FC = Femoral condyle; OCD = OCD lesion. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_60_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_60.png
Image of 13.60
13.60 stifle OCD lesion of the medial trochlear ridge. FC = Femoral condyle; OCD = OCD lesion.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig61
13.61
Models demonstrating portals for tarsal arthroscopy: dorsal tarsal portals; plantar tarsal portals. A1 and A2 = Represent alternative suggested arthroscope portal sites. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_61_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_61.png
Image of 13.61
13.61 Models demonstrating portals for tarsal arthroscopy: dorsal tarsal portals; plantar tarsal portals. A1 and A2 = Represent alternative suggested arthroscope portal sites.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig62
13.62
OCD lesion on the lateral trochlear ridge. Synovitis secondary to an OCD lesion; the deep digital flexor tendon is to the left, lateral trochlear ridge to the right. (Courtesy of B Van Ryssen) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_62_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_62.png
Image of 13.62
13.62 OCD lesion on the lateral trochlear ridge. Synovitis secondary to an OCD lesion; the deep digital flexor tendon is to the left, lateral trochlear ridge to the right. (Courtesy of B Van Ryssen)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319572.chap13.ch13fig63
13.63
Tarsal OA with full thickness cartilage loss and two visible wear lines. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_63_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319572/fig13_63.png
Image of 13.63
13.63 Tarsal OA with full thickness cartilage loss and two visible wear lines.
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error