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Advanced anaesthesia and analgesia
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319725.chap7
Advanced anaesthesia and analgesia
- Authors: Kathy Challis and Chris Seymour
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Advanced Veterinary Nursing
- Item: Chapter 7, pp 128 - 144
- DOI: 10.22233/9781905319725.7
- Copyright: © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: January 2008
Abstract
If fortunate enough to be designing a practice from scratch, the first thing to consider is the layout of space to facilitate safe anaethesia. The mortality rate in veterinary anaesthesia is much higher than in human anaesthesia and when designing a new practice it is important to look at the reasons for this, and how this situation might be improved. It is usually considered that the greatest risk of anaesthesia are during induction and recovery. The chapter considers Equipment; Scavenging; Balanced anaesthesia; Ventilators; and Aids to monitoring.
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Figures
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7.2
Provision of a separate enclosed area can minimize disturbance and distress during induction. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.2
Provision of a separate enclosed area can minimize disturbance and distress during induction.
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7.3
Three wall-mounted anaesthetic machines in a busy preparation room. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.3
Three wall-mounted anaesthetic machines in a busy preparation room. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.4
The Humphrey ADE system. (a) Without the canister and with parallel breathing tubing and reservoir bag. (b) With soda lime canister attached. (c) Top view. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.4
The Humphrey ADE system. (a) Without the canister and with parallel breathing tubing and reservoir bag. (b) With soda lime canister attached. (c) Top view. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.7
An activated charcoal anaesthetic agent scavenger cylinder (‘Aldasorber’) with scavenging tubing attached. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.7
An activated charcoal anaesthetic agent scavenger cylinder (‘Aldasorber’) with scavenging tubing attached. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.8
An active scavenging system. (Courtesy of Coltronics Systems) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.8
An active scavenging system. (Courtesy of Coltronics Systems)
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7.11
Anatomical landmarks for performing maxillary, infraorbital, inferior alveolar and mental nerve blocks in dogs. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition). Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and are printed with her permission. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.11
Anatomical landmarks for performing maxillary, infraorbital, inferior alveolar and mental nerve blocks in dogs. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition). Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and are printed with her permission.
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7.13
The epidural site is clipped and prepared aseptically. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.13
The epidural site is clipped and prepared aseptically.
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7.14
Palpating the depression between L7 and S1. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.14
Palpating the depression between L7 and S1.
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7.15
Correct placement of a Tuohy needle. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.15
Correct placement of a Tuohy needle.
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7.16
Use of a low-resistance syringe to test for correct needle placement. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.16
Use of a low-resistance syringe to test for correct needle placement.
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7.18
(a) Peripheral nerve stimulator with needle electrodes. (b) Placement of needle electrodes over the ulnar nerve on the medial aspect of the elbow. (c) Stimulation of the peroneal nerve can be achieved by electrode placement over the lateral head of the fibula. (d) Needle electrodes placed over the facial nerve as it exits the infraorbital foramen. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.18
(a) Peripheral nerve stimulator with needle electrodes. (b) Placement of needle electrodes over the ulnar nerve on the medial aspect of the elbow. (c) Stimulation of the peroneal nerve can be achieved by electrode placement over the lateral head of the fibula. (d) Needle electrodes placed over the facial nerve as it exits the infraorbital foramen. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.19
(a) Four equal twitches before the onset of neuromuscular blockade. (b) Early blockade: twitches diminishing. (c) More profound blockade: twitches diminished or absent. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.19
(a) Four equal twitches before the onset of neuromuscular blockade. (b) Early blockade: twitches diminishing. (c) More profound blockade: twitches diminished or absent. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.21
An example of an in-line bacterial filter. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.21
An example of an in-line bacterial filter. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.22
Sensor of a pulse oximeter. (a) On the tongue. (b) On a non-pigmented toe. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.22
Sensor of a pulse oximeter. (a) On the tongue. (b) On a non-pigmented toe. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.23
Close-up of a connector for sampling gas (sidestream capnograph). (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition) © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.23
Close-up of a connector for sampling gas (sidestream capnograph). (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition)
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7.24
Capnograph tracing of a normal breath. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.24
Capnograph tracing of a normal breath.
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7.25
Capnograph tracing showing rebreathing. Note that the carbon dioxide levels never return to zero (0%). © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.25
Capnograph tracing showing rebreathing. Note that the carbon dioxide levels never return to zero (0%).
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7.26
Capnograph tracing of two breaths showing a leak in the breathing system. Note the rapid fall in carbon dioxide after exhalation. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.26
Capnograph tracing of two breaths showing a leak in the breathing system. Note the rapid fall in carbon dioxide after exhalation.
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7.27
Capnograph tracing showing increased respiratory resistance. Note the slow rise in carbon dioxide during expiration. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.27
Capnograph tracing showing increased respiratory resistance. Note the slow rise in carbon dioxide during expiration.
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7.28
A monitoring screen displaying respiratory gas concentrations on the left-hand side of the screen. © 2008 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.28
A monitoring screen displaying respiratory gas concentrations on the left-hand side of the screen.