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Thyroid and parathyroid glands
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
- Author: Olivier Taeymans
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Ultrasonography
- Item: Chapter 19, pp 193 - 197
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443118.19
- Copyright: © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: January 2011
Abstract
The indications for ultrasonography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands include: the presence of a space-occupying lesion of unknown origin; to differentiate solid from cystic thyroid masses; to stage a thyroid mass; to search for ectopic thyroid tissue; to document primary hyperthyroidism in dogs; to document a goitre; treatment planning and monitoring of thyroid tumour; and hypercalcaemia. This chapter explores the value of ultrasonography compared with radiography and advanced imaging techniques. Imaging technique and normal ultrasonographic appearance are explained followed by thyroid gland and parathyroid gland abnormalities. This chapter contains two video clips.
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Figures
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_1
19.1
Longitudinal image of the left thyroid lobe (between the callipers) in a healthy Beagle. The thyroid lobe has a rounded cranial pole and a pointed caudal pole. Note the homogeneous, hyperechoic gland parenchyma compared with the surrounding musculature, and the hyperechoic smooth capsule. E = oesophagus; St = sternothyroid muscle. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.1
Longitudinal image of the left thyroid lobe (between the callipers) in a healthy Beagle. The thyroid lobe has a rounded cranial pole and a pointed caudal pole. Note the homogeneous, hyperechoic gland parenchyma compared with the surrounding musculature, and the hyperechoic smooth capsule. E = oesophagus; St = sternothyroid muscle.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_2
19.2
Transverse image of the left thyroid lobe (between the callipers) in a healthy Beagle. The thyroid lobe has a polygonal to almost triangular shape. C = common carotid artery; E = oesophagus; Sc = sternocephalic muscle; Sh = sternohyoid muscle; St = sternothyroid muscle; T = trachea. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.2
Transverse image of the left thyroid lobe (between the callipers) in a healthy Beagle. The thyroid lobe has a polygonal to almost triangular shape. C = common carotid artery; E = oesophagus; Sc = sternocephalic muscle; Sh = sternohyoid muscle; St = sternothyroid muscle; T = trachea.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_3
19.3
Longitudinal image of an external parathyroid gland (between the callipers) in a healthy dog. The gland measures 2 mm. E = oesophagus; T = thyroid lobe. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.3
Longitudinal image of an external parathyroid gland (between the callipers) in a healthy dog. The gland measures 2 mm. E = oesophagus; T = thyroid lobe.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_4
19.4
(a) Transverse and (b) longitudinal images of a thyroid lobe (between the callipers) of a dog with primary hypothyroidism. The lobe is mildly decreased in size, is isoechoic to almost hypoechoic compared with the surrounding muscles, has a heterogeneous parenchyma, an undulating and ill defined capsule, and has a rounded shape on transverse section. C = common carotid artery; St = sternothyroid muscle; T = trachea. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.4
(a) Transverse and (b) longitudinal images of a thyroid lobe (between the callipers) of a dog with primary hypothyroidism. The lobe is mildly decreased in size, is isoechoic to almost hypoechoic compared with the surrounding muscles, has a heterogeneous parenchyma, an undulating and ill defined capsule, and has a rounded shape on transverse section. C = common carotid artery; St = sternothyroid muscle; T = trachea.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_5
19.5
Longitudinal image of an adenoma in the right thyroid lobe (between the callipers) in a cat. Note the multiple anechoic areas in the cranial aspect of the diffusely enlarged lobe. The remainder of the lobe is normal in echotexture and echogenicity. Power Doppler indicates mildly increased vasularization within the gland. The larger blood vessels at the cranial and caudal poles of the thyroid lobe represent the normal cranial and caudal thyroid arteries and veins. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.5
Longitudinal image of an adenoma in the right thyroid lobe (between the callipers) in a cat. Note the multiple anechoic areas in the cranial aspect of the diffusely enlarged lobe. The remainder of the lobe is normal in echotexture and echogenicity. Power Doppler indicates mildly increased vasularization within the gland. The larger blood vessels at the cranial and caudal poles of the thyroid lobe represent the normal cranial and caudal thyroid arteries and veins.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_6
19.6
Longitudinal image of a compact cellular thyroid carcinoma of the right thyroid lobe in a 10-year-old Golden Retriever. The lobe contains multiple areas of dystrophic mineralization, suggesting the malignant nature of this neoplasm. Note the multiple anechoic areas of necrosis throughout the gland parenchyma. No capsule disruption or local tissue invasion were detected. The lobe measured 24 mm × 11 mm. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.6
Longitudinal image of a compact cellular thyroid carcinoma of the right thyroid lobe in a 10-year-old Golden Retriever. The lobe contains multiple areas of dystrophic mineralization, suggesting the malignant nature of this neoplasm. Note the multiple anechoic areas of necrosis throughout the gland parenchyma. No capsule disruption or local tissue invasion were detected. The lobe measured 24 mm × 11 mm.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_7
19.7
Longitudinal image of a thyroid lobe (between the callipers) containing a cyst. The cyst was noted in a dog being treated for primary hypothyroidism. Note the faint distal enhancement dorsal to the cyst (*), together with side lobe artefacts (arrowheads). © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.7
Longitudinal image of a thyroid lobe (between the callipers) containing a cyst. The cyst was noted in a dog being treated for primary hypothyroidism. Note the faint distal enhancement dorsal to the cyst (*), together with side lobe artefacts (arrowheads).
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19.8
Longitudinal images of the (a) left and (b) right thyroid lobes with the corresponding external and internal parathyroid glands (between the callipers) in a 9-year-old Weimaraner with renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. The largest parathyroid gland measures 7.0 mm, the smallest measures 3.5 mm. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.8
Longitudinal images of the (a) left and (b) right thyroid lobes with the corresponding external and internal parathyroid glands (between the callipers) in a 9-year-old Weimaraner with renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. The largest parathyroid gland measures 7.0 mm, the smallest measures 3.5 mm.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443118.chap19.fig19_9
19.9
Longitudinal image of the left external parathyroid gland (between the callipers) in an 11-year-old Samoyed with primary hyperparathyroidism. The parathyroid gland measures 8 mm. Note the mildly increased echogenicity of the lesion compared with the normal parathyroid tissue. Histopathology confirmed the lesion was an adenoma. © 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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19.9
Longitudinal image of the left external parathyroid gland (between the callipers) in an 11-year-old Samoyed with primary hyperparathyroidism. The parathyroid gland measures 8 mm. Note the mildly increased echogenicity of the lesion compared with the normal parathyroid tissue. Histopathology confirmed the lesion was an adenoma.
Supplements
Normal thyroid gland (1).
This clip shows the left thyroid lobe in a longitudinal plane. At the start of the clip a longitudinal section through the left common carotid artery is seen. As the transducer is moved from lateral to medial, the normal thyroid lobe is seen ventral to the oesophagus. Note the fusiform shape of the lobe and its hyperechoic appearance compared with the more ventrally located neck musculature. At the end of the clip a longitudinal section of the trachea is seen, with the luminal air producing acoustic shadowing.
Normal thyroid gland (2).
This clip shows the left thyroid lobe in a transverse plane. The transducer is moved from cranial to caudal, showing a normal thyroid lobe ventral to the oesophagus, located in between the trachea and the common carotid artery. Note the triangular shape of the gland, its homogeneous hyperechoic parenchyma compared with the ventral neck musculature, and its smooth hyperechoic capsule.