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Consciousness’ and ‘awareness’ are terms with numerous connotations. In a medical setting, these terms are used to describe the mental state generated through the normal functions of the intracranial nervous system. Consciousness and awareness refer to a state of being able to recognize and respond to a variety of internal and external nervous system stimuli. This chapter looks at aetiology, clinical signs, lesion localization, intracranial pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, neurodiagnostic investigation, comatose animals, degenerative diseases, anomalous diseases, metabolic diseases, neoplastic diseases, nutritional diseases, infectious diseases, idiopathic diseases, toxic diseases, traumatic injury, vascular diseases.
Coma, stupor and mentation change, Page 1 of 1
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A 5-year-old Labrador ‘snapping at the air’. This is commonly referred to as ‘fly-biting’. (See page 138 in the Manual)
Hydrocephalus can be identified using ultrasonography where an open fontanelle exists for paediatric probe placement. In this case, diffuse enlargement of the ventricular system can be seen as hypoechoic cavities contained within the thin parenchyma. (See page 146 in the Manual)
(a) A 2-year-old Domestic Shorthaired cat with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis predominately affecting the cerebellum.
(b) A 2-year-old Border Collie with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis exhibiting aggression and inappropriate behaviour. (Courtesy of O Yamamoto) (See page 143 in the Manual)
A 6-month-old Yorkshire Terrier with a portosystemic shunt is seen to walk compulsively and aimlessly. This behaviour provide additional evidence of visual dysfunction. (See page 149 in the Manual)
(a) A 6-year-old Boxer showing severe depression (obtundation).
(b) A 1-year-old mixed Shepherd dog with metabolic encephalopathy showing both severe depression and inappropriate mental function. (See page 137 in the Manual)
A 4-year-old Pug standing in one position, staring vacantly. This demeanor is compatible with severe obtundation. (See page 137 in the Manual)