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Surgical procedure involving the upper urinary tract of small animal patients are indicated for a variety of diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic reasons. Patients with diseases of the upper urinary tract frequently present with clinical signs of renal disease or renal failure. This chapter considers techniques in the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder as well as including practical tips and warnings. Operative techniques: Renal biopsy; Bisectional nephrotomy; Intracorporeal endoscopic laser lithotripsy; Ureteronephrectomy; Cystotomy/cystectomy.
The upper urinary tract, Page 1 of 1
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