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Hospitalization and basic critical care
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443323.chap11
Hospitalization and basic critical care
- Author: Alex Rosenwax
- From: BSAVA Manual of Avian Practice
- Item: Chapter 11, pp 156 - 171
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443323.11
- Copyright: © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: January 2018
Abstract
The first section of this chapter, on hospital setup for birds, covers emergency and hospital equipment, pharmacy, cages, biosecurity, heating, hospital treatment room setup for birds, feeding and nutrition of hospitalized birds. The second section, on emergency and critical care, covers hypothermia, fluid therapy, nutritional support, emergency medications, oxygen supplementation and air sac tube placement. The third section covers the specific emergencies of burns, oil contamination, hyperthermia, haemorrhage and animal bites, with guidance on when to perform blood transfusion and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Figures
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11.1
Emergency presentations. (a) Bilateral peripheral paralysis in a lorikeet with confirmed lead poisoning. (b) Dystocia in a Monk Parakeet with a collapsed retained egg. (© Deborah Monks) © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.1
Emergency presentations. (a) Bilateral peripheral paralysis in a lorikeet with confirmed lead poisoning. (b) Dystocia in a Monk Parakeet with a collapsed retained egg. (© Deborah Monks)
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11.2
Autoclaved crop needles. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.2
Autoclaved crop needles.
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11.3
This Budgerigar is being warmed by a heat lamp placed outside the cage. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.3
This Budgerigar is being warmed by a heat lamp placed outside the cage.
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11.4
Cockatiel in a standard bird cage placed inside a hospital cage, providing extra protection and biosecurity. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.4
Cockatiel in a standard bird cage placed inside a hospital cage, providing extra protection and biosecurity.
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11.5
Cage with enclosed sides and small door with removable front, suitable for Budgerigars and Cockatiels. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.5
Cage with enclosed sides and small door with removable front, suitable for Budgerigars and Cockatiels.
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11.6
Lorikeet propped up on a towel. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.6
Lorikeet propped up on a towel.
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11.7
Small natural ‘boing’. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.7
Small natural ‘boing’.
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11.8
Tail guard on a raptor. (© John Chitty) © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.8
Tail guard on a raptor. (© John Chitty)
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11.9
Peregrine Falcon tethered and hooded on a soft perch. (Courtesy of R J Doneley) © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.9
Peregrine Falcon tethered and hooded on a soft perch. (Courtesy of R J Doneley)
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11.10
(a) Cockatiel with conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia infection. (b) Green watery faeces from a bird with Chlamydia infection; the red area indicates that the bird may also be passing blood. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.10
(a) Cockatiel with conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia infection. (b) Green watery faeces from a bird with Chlamydia infection; the red area indicates that the bird may also be passing blood.
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11.11
Cockatiel in a brooder. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.11
Cockatiel in a brooder.
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11.12
Appropriate examination room for birds. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.12
Appropriate examination room for birds.
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11.13
Commercial insectivore food pellets. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.13
Commercial insectivore food pellets.
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11.14
(a) Grevillea plant for nectar-eating birds. (b) Melaleuca plant for native Australian species. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.14
(a) Grevillea plant for nectar-eating birds. (b) Melaleuca plant for native Australian species.
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11.15
Hulled seeds (left) compared with unhulled seeds (right). © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.15
Hulled seeds (left) compared with unhulled seeds (right).
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11.16
Syringe infusion pumps are used to give the low and precise flow rates required for continuous intravenous fluid therapy in birds. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.16
Syringe infusion pumps are used to give the low and precise flow rates required for continuous intravenous fluid therapy in birds.
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11.17
Administration of oral fluids. (a) Inserting the crop needle into the oral cavity. (b) Injection of the fluids into the crop. (c) Removal of the now empty crop needle. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.17
Administration of oral fluids. (a) Inserting the crop needle into the oral cavity. (b) Injection of the fluids into the crop. (c) Removal of the now empty crop needle.
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11.18
Administration of subcutaneous fluids. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.18
Administration of subcutaneous fluids.
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11.20
Wing vasculature is useful for collecting blood samples for measurement of packed cell volume and as an alternative site for fluid therapy. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.20
Wing vasculature is useful for collecting blood samples for measurement of packed cell volume and as an alternative site for fluid therapy.
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11.21
(a) Accessing the jugular vein for a bolus of intravenous fluids. (b) Checking the needle is in the jugular vein prior to administration of the fluid bolus. (c) Slow injection of the bolus of warmed intravenous fluids. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.21
(a) Accessing the jugular vein for a bolus of intravenous fluids. (b) Checking the needle is in the jugular vein prior to administration of the fluid bolus. (c) Slow injection of the bolus of warmed intravenous fluids.
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11.22
Oral nutritional support being given via a crop needle. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.22
Oral nutritional support being given via a crop needle.
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11.23
Temporary oxygen cage constructed using cling wrap. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.23
Temporary oxygen cage constructed using cling wrap.
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11.24
Air sac tube in place. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.24
Air sac tube in place.
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11.25
(a) Magpie covered in tar and oil. (b) The tar and oil are removed in stages by warm bathing in dilute detergent, with the magpie under anaesthetic. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.25
(a) Magpie covered in tar and oil. (b) The tar and oil are removed in stages by warm bathing in dilute detergent, with the magpie under anaesthetic.
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11.26
Budgerigar with nail haemorrhage, a common clinical sign of hepatic-related coagulopathy. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.26
Budgerigar with nail haemorrhage, a common clinical sign of hepatic-related coagulopathy.
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11.27
The volume of blood associated with bleeding nail tips may, on first appearance, seem to be large relative to the bird’s bodyweight. Birds can spread a small amount of blood widely in their cage. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.27
The volume of blood associated with bleeding nail tips may, on first appearance, seem to be large relative to the bird’s bodyweight. Birds can spread a small amount of blood widely in their cage.
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11.28
This macaw still requires some nutritional support several weeks after severe beak trauma. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.28
This macaw still requires some nutritional support several weeks after severe beak trauma.
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11.29
One broken feather may result in blood across the wing. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.29
One broken feather may result in blood across the wing.
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11.30
Light pressure bandage for a traumatized bleeding wing. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.30
Light pressure bandage for a traumatized bleeding wing.
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11.31
Blood transfusion. (Courtesy of RJ Doneley) © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.31
Blood transfusion. (Courtesy of RJ Doneley)
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11.32
Head trauma following attack by a cage mate. © 2018 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.32
Head trauma following attack by a cage mate.