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Endoscopic examination of the lower urinary tract and reproductive tract is an important part of the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of a number of disorders in dogs and cats. This chapter describes instrumentation, clinical history and examination, preoperative diagnostic investigations, intraoperative diagnostic imaging, pathological conditions, approaches to male and female animals, operative techniques, reproductive procedures, cervical catheterization, postoperative care and complications. The chapter also contains two video clips.
Rigid endoscopy: urethrocystoscopy and vaginoscopy, Page 1 of 1
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Normal urethrocystoscopy of the neutered bitch. (Reproduced with the permission of The Ohio State University)
Normal urethrocystoscopy of the neutered male dog. (Reproduced with the permission of The Ohio State University)