Full text loading...
Patients with neurological disorders
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13
- Home
- Manuals
- BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Rehabilitation, Supportive and Palliative Care
- Chapter
Patients with neurological disorders
- Author: Natasha Olby
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Rehabilitation, Supportive and Palliative Care
- Item: Chapter 13, pp 168 - 193
- DOI: 10.22233/9781905319916.13
- Copyright: © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: January 2010
Abstract
Disorders of the nervous system include a wide range of conditions with very different needs in terms of rehabilitation, support and palliative care. This chapter covers Principles of treating neurological cases; Managing recumbent dogs and cats; and Changes in demeanour. A variety of case scenarios in dogs and cats will be presented to illustrate the considerations to be made and the options available within a specific clinical setting. Case examples: Tail pull injury in a cat; Brain tumour in a dog; Cervical disc herniation in a dog; Cervical myelopathy in a dog; Discospondylitis in a dog; Refractory epilepsy in a dog; Thoracolumbar disc protrusion in a dog.
Preview this chapter:
Patients with neurological disorders, Page 1 of 1
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.22233/9781905319916/9781905319916.13-1.gif
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13
Figures
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig1
These radiographs show wide separation between the first two caudal vertebrae. (Courtesy of Sorrel Langley-Hobbs)
These radiographs show wide separation between the first two caudal vertebrae. (Courtesy of Sorrel Langley-Hobbs) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig171_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig171_1.png
These radiographs show wide separation between the first two caudal vertebrae. (Courtesy of Sorrel Langley-Hobbs)
These radiographs show wide separation between the first two caudal vertebrae. (Courtesy of Sorrel Langley-Hobbs)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig2
A cystostomy tube placed percutaneously at laparotomy to drain the bladder. The tube can be either connected to a closed collecting system, or emptied intermittently. (Courtesy of Stephen Baines)
A cystostomy tube placed percutaneously at laparotomy to drain the bladder. The tube can be either connected to a closed collecting system, or emptied intermittently. (Courtesy of Stephen Baines) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig171_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig171_2.png
A cystostomy tube placed percutaneously at laparotomy to drain the bladder. The tube can be either connected to a closed collecting system, or emptied intermittently. (Courtesy of Stephen Baines)
A cystostomy tube placed percutaneously at laparotomy to drain the bladder. The tube can be either connected to a closed collecting system, or emptied intermittently. (Courtesy of Stephen Baines)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig3
The cat will need to feed at ground level as he must not jump up for at least 6 weeks. (© Samantha Elmhurst)
The cat will need to feed at ground level as he must not jump up for at least 6 weeks. (© Samantha Elmhurst) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig172_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig172_1.png
The cat will need to feed at ground level as he must not jump up for at least 6 weeks. (© Samantha Elmhurst)
The cat will need to feed at ground level as he must not jump up for at least 6 weeks. (© Samantha Elmhurst)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig4
Safe and comfortable hiding areas should be provided. This cat also has some toys to hand for gentle play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson)
Safe and comfortable hiding areas should be provided. This cat also has some toys to hand for gentle play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig172_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig172_2.png
Safe and comfortable hiding areas should be provided. This cat also has some toys to hand for gentle play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson)
Safe and comfortable hiding areas should be provided. This cat also has some toys to hand for gentle play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig5
Gloves should be worn when emptying the urine bag. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis)
Gloves should be worn when emptying the urine bag. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig173_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig173_1.png
Gloves should be worn when emptying the urine bag. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis)
Gloves should be worn when emptying the urine bag. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig6
Toys with food hidden inside can provide stimulatory play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson)
Toys with food hidden inside can provide stimulatory play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig174_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig174_1.png
Toys with food hidden inside can provide stimulatory play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson)
Toys with food hidden inside can provide stimulatory play. (Courtesy of Lucy Hudson)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig7
(left) T1-weighted post-contrast transverse image of the brain at the level of the thalamus. The extra-axial contrast-enhancing mass is clearly visible. (right) T2-weighted image, highlighting the oedema extending beyond the borders of the mass (arrowed).
(left) T1-weighted post-contrast transverse image of the brain at the level of the thalamus. The extra-axial contrast-enhancing mass is clearly visible. (right) T2-weighted image, highlighting the oedema extending beyond the borders of the mass (arrowed). © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig174_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig174_2.png
(left) T1-weighted post-contrast transverse image of the brain at the level of the thalamus. The extra-axial contrast-enhancing mass is clearly visible. (right) T2-weighted image, highlighting the oedema extending beyond the borders of the mass (arrowed).
(left) T1-weighted post-contrast transverse image of the brain at the level of the thalamus. The extra-axial contrast-enhancing mass is clearly visible. (right) T2-weighted image, highlighting the oedema extending beyond the borders of the mass (arrowed).
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig8
The lateral radiograph shows collapse of the C2/3 disc space, with a small amount of mineralized material visible in the canal. The nucleus of C3/4 is mineralized but there is no evidence of herniation at this site. The transverse CT scan at C2/3 shows a large mass of mineralized disc material on the floor of the canal.
The lateral radiograph shows collapse of the C2/3 disc space, with a small amount of mineralized material visible in the canal. The nucleus of C3/4 is mineralized but there is no evidence of herniation at this site. The transverse CT scan at C2/3 shows a large mass of mineralized disc material on the floor of the canal. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig177_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig177_1.png
The lateral radiograph shows collapse of the C2/3 disc space, with a small amount of mineralized material visible in the canal. The nucleus of C3/4 is mineralized but there is no evidence of herniation at this site. The transverse CT scan at C2/3 shows a large mass of mineralized disc material on the floor of the canal.
The lateral radiograph shows collapse of the C2/3 disc space, with a small amount of mineralized material visible in the canal. The nucleus of C3/4 is mineralized but there is no evidence of herniation at this site. The transverse CT scan at C2/3 shows a large mass of mineralized disc material on the floor of the canal.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig9
The dog is allowed to step out of a ground-level cage and approached gently. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall)
The dog is allowed to step out of a ground-level cage and approached gently. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig177_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig177_2.png
The dog is allowed to step out of a ground-level cage and approached gently. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall)
The dog is allowed to step out of a ground-level cage and approached gently. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig10
This dog’s incision is being cooled using a custom-made pack that can be cleaned and disinfected and is kept in the freezer between uses. A pack of frozen peas can be used in a similar way.
This dog’s incision is being cooled using a custom-made pack that can be cleaned and disinfected and is kept in the freezer between uses. A pack of frozen peas can be used in a similar way. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig179_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig179_1.png
This dog’s incision is being cooled using a custom-made pack that can be cleaned and disinfected and is kept in the freezer between uses. A pack of frozen peas can be used in a similar way.
This dog’s incision is being cooled using a custom-made pack that can be cleaned and disinfected and is kept in the freezer between uses. A pack of frozen peas can be used in a similar way.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig11
Hot packs can be made by filling disposable gloves with hot water.
Hot packs can be made by filling disposable gloves with hot water. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig179_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig179_2.png
Hot packs can be made by filling disposable gloves with hot water.
Hot packs can be made by filling disposable gloves with hot water.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig12
Severe dorsal compression of the spinal cord is evident at C4/5 and C5/6 on this sagittal T2-weighted MRI. There is less severe compression at C6/7, but all sites of compression are associated with increased signal within the underlying spinal cord.
Severe dorsal compression of the spinal cord is evident at C4/5 and C5/6 on this sagittal T2-weighted MRI. There is less severe compression at C6/7, but all sites of compression are associated with increased signal within the underlying spinal cord. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig180_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig180_1.png
Severe dorsal compression of the spinal cord is evident at C4/5 and C5/6 on this sagittal T2-weighted MRI. There is less severe compression at C6/7, but all sites of compression are associated with increased signal within the underlying spinal cord.
Severe dorsal compression of the spinal cord is evident at C4/5 and C5/6 on this sagittal T2-weighted MRI. There is less severe compression at C6/7, but all sites of compression are associated with increased signal within the underlying spinal cord.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig13
Passive movements to the carpus. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp.)
Passive movements to the carpus. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp.) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig181_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig181_1.png
Passive movements to the carpus. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp.)
Passive movements to the carpus. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp.)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig14
A dog using an underwater treadmill with the water at shoulder height; this gives buoyancy initially and increased resistance at later stages of recovery. (© Janet Van Dyke)
A dog using an underwater treadmill with the water at shoulder height; this gives buoyancy initially and increased resistance at later stages of recovery. (© Janet Van Dyke) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig181_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig181_2.png
A dog using an underwater treadmill with the water at shoulder height; this gives buoyancy initially and increased resistance at later stages of recovery. (© Janet Van Dyke)
A dog using an underwater treadmill with the water at shoulder height; this gives buoyancy initially and increased resistance at later stages of recovery. (© Janet Van Dyke)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig15
This tetraparetic Dobermann prefers to lie in lateral recumbency. Padding has been placed under her left shoulder and head, to maintain a more upright but still comfortable posture.
This tetraparetic Dobermann prefers to lie in lateral recumbency. Padding has been placed under her left shoulder and head, to maintain a more upright but still comfortable posture. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig182_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig182_1.png
This tetraparetic Dobermann prefers to lie in lateral recumbency. Padding has been placed under her left shoulder and head, to maintain a more upright but still comfortable posture.
This tetraparetic Dobermann prefers to lie in lateral recumbency. Padding has been placed under her left shoulder and head, to maintain a more upright but still comfortable posture.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig16
Large decubital ulcer over the elbow of a tetraparetic dog that was kennelled in a cage with no padding. His repeated abortive attempts to stand had caused severe injury to the soft tissues of both elbows.
Large decubital ulcer over the elbow of a tetraparetic dog that was kennelled in a cage with no padding. His repeated abortive attempts to stand had caused severe injury to the soft tissues of both elbows. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig182_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig182_2.png
Large decubital ulcer over the elbow of a tetraparetic dog that was kennelled in a cage with no padding. His repeated abortive attempts to stand had caused severe injury to the soft tissues of both elbows.
Large decubital ulcer over the elbow of a tetraparetic dog that was kennelled in a cage with no padding. His repeated abortive attempts to stand had caused severe injury to the soft tissues of both elbows.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig17
‘Doughnuts’ can be made using bubble wrap and adhesive bandage. They are placed to lift pressure points away from the ground.
‘Doughnuts’ can be made using bubble wrap and adhesive bandage. They are placed to lift pressure points away from the ground. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig182_3_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig182_3.png
‘Doughnuts’ can be made using bubble wrap and adhesive bandage. They are placed to lift pressure points away from the ground.
‘Doughnuts’ can be made using bubble wrap and adhesive bandage. They are placed to lift pressure points away from the ground.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig18
The dog had mutilated the third and fourth digits of her hindfeet, removing the nails and a part of the third phalanx. There were also severe decubital ulcers on the dorsal aspect of the tarsus.
The dog had mutilated the third and fourth digits of her hindfeet, removing the nails and a part of the third phalanx. There were also severe decubital ulcers on the dorsal aspect of the tarsus. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig183_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig183_1.png
The dog had mutilated the third and fourth digits of her hindfeet, removing the nails and a part of the third phalanx. There were also severe decubital ulcers on the dorsal aspect of the tarsus.
The dog had mutilated the third and fourth digits of her hindfeet, removing the nails and a part of the third phalanx. There were also severe decubital ulcers on the dorsal aspect of the tarsus.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig19
The wounds were treated by the application of sugar, and a bandage that was changed twice daily to generate a healthy bed of granulation tissue.
The wounds were treated by the application of sugar, and a bandage that was changed twice daily to generate a healthy bed of granulation tissue. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig183_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig183_2.png
The wounds were treated by the application of sugar, and a bandage that was changed twice daily to generate a healthy bed of granulation tissue.
The wounds were treated by the application of sugar, and a bandage that was changed twice daily to generate a healthy bed of granulation tissue.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig20
Paraplegic or paraparetic animals can be walked with sling support, using something as readily available as a towel (left). A custom-made sling (right) has the advantage of supporting the dog’s entire pelvis and is more comfortable, so the dog is more likely to try to walk.
Paraplegic or paraparetic animals can be walked with sling support, using something as readily available as a towel (left). A custom-made sling (right) has the advantage of supporting the dog’s entire pelvis and is more comfortable, so the dog is more likely to try to walk. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig184_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig184_1.png
Paraplegic or paraparetic animals can be walked with sling support, using something as readily available as a towel (left). A custom-made sling (right) has the advantage of supporting the dog’s entire pelvis and is more comfortable, so the dog is more likely to try to walk.
Paraplegic or paraparetic animals can be walked with sling support, using something as readily available as a towel (left). A custom-made sling (right) has the advantage of supporting the dog’s entire pelvis and is more comfortable, so the dog is more likely to try to walk.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig21
Passive range of motion of the pelvic limbs. (Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology, 3rd edition)
Passive range of motion of the pelvic limbs. (Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology, 3rd edition) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig185_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig185_1.png
Passive range of motion of the pelvic limbs. (Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology, 3rd edition)
Passive range of motion of the pelvic limbs. (Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology, 3rd edition)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig22
Animals with marked weakness may require assistance to stand and walk, using physiotherapy rolls. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Animals with marked weakness may require assistance to stand and walk, using physiotherapy rolls. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig185_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig185_2.png
Animals with marked weakness may require assistance to stand and walk, using physiotherapy rolls. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Animals with marked weakness may require assistance to stand and walk, using physiotherapy rolls. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig23
This dog is lying on a thick rubber mat with easily removable absorbent pads underneath its hind end.
This dog is lying on a thick rubber mat with easily removable absorbent pads underneath its hind end. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig186_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig186_1.png
This dog is lying on a thick rubber mat with easily removable absorbent pads underneath its hind end.
This dog is lying on a thick rubber mat with easily removable absorbent pads underneath its hind end.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig24
The owners of this chronically paralysed dog express their pet’s bladder regularly. To prevent small ‘accidents’ in the house, the dog wears this velcroed waist band on a daily basis. An absorbent pad is placed in the waistband over this dog’s penis and is changed regularly.
The owners of this chronically paralysed dog express their pet’s bladder regularly. To prevent small ‘accidents’ in the house, the dog wears this velcroed waist band on a daily basis. An absorbent pad is placed in the waistband over this dog’s penis and is changed regularly. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig187_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig187_1.png
The owners of this chronically paralysed dog express their pet’s bladder regularly. To prevent small ‘accidents’ in the house, the dog wears this velcroed waist band on a daily basis. An absorbent pad is placed in the waistband over this dog’s penis and is changed regularly.
The owners of this chronically paralysed dog express their pet’s bladder regularly. To prevent small ‘accidents’ in the house, the dog wears this velcroed waist band on a daily basis. An absorbent pad is placed in the waistband over this dog’s penis and is changed regularly.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig25
Hindlimb moved in a bicycling motion to simulate normal gait patterning; a useful technique for patients with neurological disease that are unable to walk.
Hindlimb moved in a bicycling motion to simulate normal gait patterning; a useful technique for patients with neurological disease that are unable to walk. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig187_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig187_2.png
Hindlimb moved in a bicycling motion to simulate normal gait patterning; a useful technique for patients with neurological disease that are unable to walk.
Hindlimb moved in a bicycling motion to simulate normal gait patterning; a useful technique for patients with neurological disease that are unable to walk.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig26
An example of a seizure log. Owners are asked to note seizures and any additional treatment that is given. They are also asked to make notes on the severity of side effects. This helps the clinician balance seizure control and the impact of unwanted drug effects.
An example of a seizure log. Owners are asked to note seizures and any additional treatment that is given. They are also asked to make notes on the severity of side effects. This helps the clinician balance seizure control and the impact of unwanted drug effects. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig190_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig190_1.png
An example of a seizure log. Owners are asked to note seizures and any additional treatment that is given. They are also asked to make notes on the severity of side effects. This helps the clinician balance seizure control and the impact of unwanted drug effects.
An example of a seizure log. Owners are asked to note seizures and any additional treatment that is given. They are also asked to make notes on the severity of side effects. This helps the clinician balance seizure control and the impact of unwanted drug effects.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig27
TL type II disc: A sagittal T2-weighted MRI of the lumbar spine shows protrusions of all the intervertebral discs. These are causing significant spinal cord compression at T12/13 (not shown), T13/L1 and L1/2.
TL type II disc: A sagittal T2-weighted MRI of the lumbar spine shows protrusions of all the intervertebral discs. These are causing significant spinal cord compression at T12/13 (not shown), T13/L1 and L1/2. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig190_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig190_2.png
TL type II disc: A sagittal T2-weighted MRI of the lumbar spine shows protrusions of all the intervertebral discs. These are causing significant spinal cord compression at T12/13 (not shown), T13/L1 and L1/2.
TL type II disc: A sagittal T2-weighted MRI of the lumbar spine shows protrusions of all the intervertebral discs. These are causing significant spinal cord compression at T12/13 (not shown), T13/L1 and L1/2.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig28
A Labrador Retriever before (top) and after a weight loss programme. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool)
A Labrador Retriever before (top) and after a weight loss programme. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig192_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig192_1.png
A Labrador Retriever before (top) and after a weight loss programme. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool)
A Labrador Retriever before (top) and after a weight loss programme. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig29
Application of NMES – shown here to the quadriceps and hamstrings – with the aim of achieving co-contraction of the two muscle groups. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Application of NMES – shown here to the quadriceps and hamstrings – with the aim of achieving co-contraction of the two muscle groups. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig192_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig192_2.png
Application of NMES – shown here to the quadriceps and hamstrings – with the aim of achieving co-contraction of the two muscle groups. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Application of NMES – shown here to the quadriceps and hamstrings – with the aim of achieving co-contraction of the two muscle groups. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig30
A therapist should assist the dog while he swims in the pool. (© Steven Steinberg; http://veterinaryneuron.blogspot.com)
A therapist should assist the dog while he swims in the pool. (© Steven Steinberg; http://veterinaryneuron.blogspot.com) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_1.png
A therapist should assist the dog while he swims in the pool. (© Steven Steinberg; http://veterinaryneuron.blogspot.com)
A therapist should assist the dog while he swims in the pool. (© Steven Steinberg; http://veterinaryneuron.blogspot.com)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig31
Manual needling would include targeting the gluteals and longissimus muscles, depending on the patient’s distribution of pain.
Manual needling would include targeting the gluteals and longissimus muscles, depending on the patient’s distribution of pain. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_2.png
Manual needling would include targeting the gluteals and longissimus muscles, depending on the patient’s distribution of pain.
Manual needling would include targeting the gluteals and longissimus muscles, depending on the patient’s distribution of pain.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig32
Electroacupuncture is recommended if there is no response to manual acupuncture, or if a more potent or longer-lasting effect is needed.
Electroacupuncture is recommended if there is no response to manual acupuncture, or if a more potent or longer-lasting effect is needed. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_3_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_3.png
Electroacupuncture is recommended if there is no response to manual acupuncture, or if a more potent or longer-lasting effect is needed.
Electroacupuncture is recommended if there is no response to manual acupuncture, or if a more potent or longer-lasting effect is needed.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781905319916.chap13.fig33
Weight management clinics also offer the opportunity for the owner to discuss any other care-related issues. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool)
Weight management clinics also offer the opportunity for the owner to discuss any other care-related issues. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_4_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781905319916/fig193_4.png
Weight management clinics also offer the opportunity for the owner to discuss any other care-related issues. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool)
Weight management clinics also offer the opportunity for the owner to discuss any other care-related issues. (Courtesy of The Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic, University of Liverpool)