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Patients with orthopaedic disease
British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 194 (2010); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781905319916.14
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319916.chap14
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Patients with orthopaedic disease

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Abstract

Orthopaedic conditions are common in both dogs and cats, and there are two main scenarios where rehabilitation and palliative care are appropriate: acute cases, including fractures, dislocation and ligament ruptures or sprains; chronic conditions, such as degenerative joint disease. The most important considerations for supportive care are: to alleviate pain; and to maintain function and improve mobility of the patient. Leg amputation in a cat; Total hip replacement in a dog; Hip dysplasia in a puppy – conservative management; Cruciate ligament repair in a dog; Tibial fracture repair in a cat; Patellar luxation in a dog; Humeral fracture in a dog; Osteoarthritis in a dog; Elbow arthritis in an elderly cat.

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Figures

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Following the accident, pelvic radiographs revealed a right sacroiliac luxation, a long oblique left ilial body fracture and pubic fractures.
Following the accident, pelvic radiographs revealed a right sacroiliac luxation, a long oblique left ilial body fracture and pubic fractures. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Following the accident, pelvic radiographs revealed a right sacroiliac luxation, a long oblique left ilial body fracture and pubic fractures.
Following the accident, pelvic radiographs revealed a right sacroiliac luxation, a long oblique left ilial body fracture and pubic fractures. Following the accident, pelvic radiographs revealed a right sacroiliac luxation, a long oblique left ilial body fracture and pubic fractures.
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The pelvic fractures were repaired with a 2.7 mm lag screw across the sacroiliac joint and a dorsally applied 2.0 mm bone plate.
The pelvic fractures were repaired with a 2.7 mm lag screw across the sacroiliac joint and a dorsally applied 2.0 mm bone plate. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The pelvic fractures were repaired with a 2.7 mm lag screw across the sacroiliac joint and a dorsally applied 2.0 mm bone plate.
The pelvic fractures were repaired with a 2.7 mm lag screw across the sacroiliac joint and a dorsally applied 2.0 mm bone plate. The pelvic fractures were repaired with a 2.7 mm lag screw across the sacroiliac joint and a dorsally applied 2.0 mm bone plate.
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Contraction of digital flexor tendons leads to knuckling of the paw when hindlimb joints are flexed.
Contraction of digital flexor tendons leads to knuckling of the paw when hindlimb joints are flexed. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Contraction of digital flexor tendons leads to knuckling of the paw when hindlimb joints are flexed.
Contraction of digital flexor tendons leads to knuckling of the paw when hindlimb joints are flexed. Contraction of digital flexor tendons leads to knuckling of the paw when hindlimb joints are flexed.
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The cat’s excessive licking had caused a small lesion on the caudolateral aspect of the thigh.
The cat’s excessive licking had caused a small lesion on the caudolateral aspect of the thigh. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The cat’s excessive licking had caused a small lesion on the caudolateral aspect of the thigh.
The cat’s excessive licking had caused a small lesion on the caudolateral aspect of the thigh. The cat’s excessive licking had caused a small lesion on the caudolateral aspect of the thigh.
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During recovery from surgery the cat was keen to play with a piece of string, biting and pawing at it.
During recovery from surgery the cat was keen to play with a piece of string, biting and pawing at it. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of During recovery from surgery the cat was keen to play with a piece of string, biting and pawing at it.
During recovery from surgery the cat was keen to play with a piece of string, biting and pawing at it. During recovery from surgery the cat was keen to play with a piece of string, biting and pawing at it.
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Hydrotherapy can be used successfully in some cats. (© Linhay Veterinary Rehabilitation Centre)
Hydrotherapy can be used successfully in some cats. (© Linhay Veterinary Rehabilitation Centre) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Hydrotherapy can be used successfully in some cats. (© Linhay Veterinary Rehabilitation Centre)
Hydrotherapy can be used successfully in some cats. (© Linhay Veterinary Rehabilitation Centre) Hydrotherapy can be used successfully in some cats. (© Linhay Veterinary Rehabilitation Centre)
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The cat is recovering postoperatively in a cage with plenty of bedding. She is on a ketamine CRI for pain relief. She is wearing an Elizabethan collar to prevent interference with the surgical incision.
The cat is recovering postoperatively in a cage with plenty of bedding. She is on a ketamine CRI for pain relief. She is wearing an Elizabethan collar to prevent interference with the surgical incision. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The cat is recovering postoperatively in a cage with plenty of bedding. She is on a ketamine CRI for pain relief. She is wearing an Elizabethan collar to prevent interference with the surgical incision.
The cat is recovering postoperatively in a cage with plenty of bedding. She is on a ketamine CRI for pain relief. She is wearing an Elizabethan collar to prevent interference with the surgical incision. The cat is recovering postoperatively in a cage with plenty of bedding. She is on a ketamine CRI for pain relief. She is wearing an Elizabethan collar to prevent interference with the surgical incision.
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The cat enjoying a stroll through the garden 14 days after surgery.
The cat enjoying a stroll through the garden 14 days after surgery. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The cat enjoying a stroll through the garden 14 days after surgery.
The cat enjoying a stroll through the garden 14 days after surgery. The cat enjoying a stroll through the garden 14 days after surgery.
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This ventrodorsal extended pelvic radiograph shows bilateral coxofemoral osteoarthritis, worse on the right side.
This ventrodorsal extended pelvic radiograph shows bilateral coxofemoral osteoarthritis, worse on the right side. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of This ventrodorsal extended pelvic radiograph shows bilateral coxofemoral osteoarthritis, worse on the right side.
This ventrodorsal extended pelvic radiograph shows bilateral coxofemoral osteoarthritis, worse on the right side. This ventrodorsal extended pelvic radiograph shows bilateral coxofemoral osteoarthritis, worse on the right side.
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A right total hip replacement has been performed.
A right total hip replacement has been performed. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A right total hip replacement has been performed.
A right total hip replacement has been performed. A right total hip replacement has been performed.
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Effleurage of the hindlimb forms part of immediate postoperative physiotherapy. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Effleurage of the hindlimb forms part of immediate postoperative physiotherapy. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Effleurage of the hindlimb forms part of immediate postoperative physiotherapy. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Effleurage of the hindlimb forms part of immediate postoperative physiotherapy. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Effleurage of the hindlimb forms part of immediate postoperative physiotherapy. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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Passive movements should include hip extension, taking care not to take the joint beyond its normal limits. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Passive movements should include hip extension, taking care not to take the joint beyond its normal limits. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Passive movements should include hip extension, taking care not to take the joint beyond its normal limits. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Passive movements should include hip extension, taking care not to take the joint beyond its normal limits. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Passive movements should include hip extension, taking care not to take the joint beyond its normal limits. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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Balance exercise using an air cushion. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
Balance exercise using an air cushion. (Courtesy of David Prydie) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Balance exercise using an air cushion. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
Balance exercise using an air cushion. (Courtesy of David Prydie) Balance exercise using an air cushion. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
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Use of a sling under the abdomen helps to support a dog’s weight and prevent slipping when walking outside and on smooth or wet surfaces.
Use of a sling under the abdomen helps to support a dog’s weight and prevent slipping when walking outside and on smooth or wet surfaces. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Use of a sling under the abdomen helps to support a dog’s weight and prevent slipping when walking outside and on smooth or wet surfaces.
Use of a sling under the abdomen helps to support a dog’s weight and prevent slipping when walking outside and on smooth or wet surfaces. Use of a sling under the abdomen helps to support a dog’s weight and prevent slipping when walking outside and on smooth or wet surfaces.
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A Labrador puppy with hip dysplasia prefers to sit rather than stand.
A Labrador puppy with hip dysplasia prefers to sit rather than stand. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A Labrador puppy with hip dysplasia prefers to sit rather than stand.
A Labrador puppy with hip dysplasia prefers to sit rather than stand. A Labrador puppy with hip dysplasia prefers to sit rather than stand.
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Ventrodorsal extended hip radiograph showing bilateral severe hip subluxation.
Ventrodorsal extended hip radiograph showing bilateral severe hip subluxation. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Ventrodorsal extended hip radiograph showing bilateral severe hip subluxation.
Ventrodorsal extended hip radiograph showing bilateral severe hip subluxation. Ventrodorsal extended hip radiograph showing bilateral severe hip subluxation.
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Electroacupuncture applied to the hip region of a small dog. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
Electroacupuncture applied to the hip region of a small dog. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Electroacupuncture applied to the hip region of a small dog. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
Electroacupuncture applied to the hip region of a small dog. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley) Electroacupuncture applied to the hip region of a small dog. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
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Goniometers can be used to measure angles of joint extension and flexion (see Chapter 9). (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Goniometers can be used to measure angles of joint extension and flexion (see Chapter 9). (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Goniometers can be used to measure angles of joint extension and flexion (see Chapter 9). (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Goniometers can be used to measure angles of joint extension and flexion (see Chapter 9). (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Goniometers can be used to measure angles of joint extension and flexion (see Chapter 9). (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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Mediolateral radiograph of the stifle, showing a joint effusion and periarticular osteophytosis; these changes are commonly seen with cranial cruciate ligament disease.
Mediolateral radiograph of the stifle, showing a joint effusion and periarticular osteophytosis; these changes are commonly seen with cranial cruciate ligament disease. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Mediolateral radiograph of the stifle, showing a joint effusion and periarticular osteophytosis; these changes are commonly seen with cranial cruciate ligament disease.
Mediolateral radiograph of the stifle, showing a joint effusion and periarticular osteophytosis; these changes are commonly seen with cranial cruciate ligament disease. Mediolateral radiograph of the stifle, showing a joint effusion and periarticular osteophytosis; these changes are commonly seen with cranial cruciate ligament disease.
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Hiding food within toys can provide mental stimulation for a dog that is exercise-restricted.
Hiding food within toys can provide mental stimulation for a dog that is exercise-restricted. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Hiding food within toys can provide mental stimulation for a dog that is exercise-restricted.
Hiding food within toys can provide mental stimulation for a dog that is exercise-restricted. Hiding food within toys can provide mental stimulation for a dog that is exercise-restricted.
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Improving balance and core body strength in a dog, using a ‘physio ball’. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
Improving balance and core body strength in a dog, using a ‘physio ball’. (Courtesy of David Prydie) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Improving balance and core body strength in a dog, using a ‘physio ball’. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
Improving balance and core body strength in a dog, using a ‘physio ball’. (Courtesy of David Prydie) Improving balance and core body strength in a dog, using a ‘physio ball’. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
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A dog undergoing proprioceptive retraining using Cavalletti poles. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
A dog undergoing proprioceptive retraining using Cavalletti poles. (Courtesy of David Prydie) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A dog undergoing proprioceptive retraining using Cavalletti poles. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
A dog undergoing proprioceptive retraining using Cavalletti poles. (Courtesy of David Prydie) A dog undergoing proprioceptive retraining using Cavalletti poles. (Courtesy of David Prydie)
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An adhesive dressing prevents contamination of the surgical site from the environment in the immediate postoperative period.
An adhesive dressing prevents contamination of the surgical site from the environment in the immediate postoperative period. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of An adhesive dressing prevents contamination of the surgical site from the environment in the immediate postoperative period.
An adhesive dressing prevents contamination of the surgical site from the environment in the immediate postoperative period. An adhesive dressing prevents contamination of the surgical site from the environment in the immediate postoperative period.
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A towel can be used to support a dog’s weight and aid mobility. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
A towel can be used to support a dog’s weight and aid mobility. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A towel can be used to support a dog’s weight and aid mobility. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
A towel can be used to support a dog’s weight and aid mobility. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) A towel can be used to support a dog’s weight and aid mobility. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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There is a mid-diaphyseal simple transverse tibial fracture and a proximal fibular physeal fracture with bending of the mid-diaphyseal fibula.
There is a mid-diaphyseal simple transverse tibial fracture and a proximal fibular physeal fracture with bending of the mid-diaphyseal fibula. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of There is a mid-diaphyseal simple transverse tibial fracture and a proximal fibular physeal fracture with bending of the mid-diaphyseal fibula.
There is a mid-diaphyseal simple transverse tibial fracture and a proximal fibular physeal fracture with bending of the mid-diaphyseal fibula. There is a mid-diaphyseal simple transverse tibial fracture and a proximal fibular physeal fracture with bending of the mid-diaphyseal fibula.
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The fracture was stabilized with an intramedullary pin and a 4-pin unilateral external skeletal fixator.
The fracture was stabilized with an intramedullary pin and a 4-pin unilateral external skeletal fixator. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The fracture was stabilized with an intramedullary pin and a 4-pin unilateral external skeletal fixator.
The fracture was stabilized with an intramedullary pin and a 4-pin unilateral external skeletal fixator. The fracture was stabilized with an intramedullary pin and a 4-pin unilateral external skeletal fixator.
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A fentanyl patch can be placed on clipped skin and covered with a flexible dressing to prevent the edges curling and excessive interference from the cat. It takes several hours to provide peak plasma fentanyl concentrations so it should be placed well in advance of surgery, and additional analgesia provided for the first few hours. (Courtesy of Polly Taylor)
A fentanyl patch can be placed on clipped skin and covered with a flexible dressing to prevent the edges curling and excessive interference from the cat. It takes several hours to provide peak plasma fentanyl concentrations so it should be placed well in advance of surgery, and additional analgesia provided for the first few hours. (Courtesy of Polly Taylor) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A fentanyl patch can be placed on clipped skin and covered with a flexible dressing to prevent the edges curling and excessive interference from the cat. It takes several hours to provide peak plasma fentanyl concentrations so it should be placed well in advance of surgery, and additional analgesia provided for the first few hours. (Courtesy of Polly Taylor)
A fentanyl patch can be placed on clipped skin and covered with a flexible dressing to prevent the edges curling and excessive interference from the cat. It takes several hours to provide peak plasma fentanyl concentrations so it should be placed well in advance of surgery, and additional analgesia provided for the first few hours. (Courtesy of Polly Taylor) A fentanyl patch can be placed on clipped skin and covered with a flexible dressing to prevent the edges curling and excessive interference from the cat. It takes several hours to provide peak plasma fentanyl concentrations so it should be placed well in advance of surgery, and additional analgesia provided for the first few hours. (Courtesy of Polly Taylor)
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This cat is enjoying attention. He has been allowed out of his cage for some controlled exercise and stroking.
This cat is enjoying attention. He has been allowed out of his cage for some controlled exercise and stroking. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of This cat is enjoying attention. He has been allowed out of his cage for some controlled exercise and stroking.
This cat is enjoying attention. He has been allowed out of his cage for some controlled exercise and stroking. This cat is enjoying attention. He has been allowed out of his cage for some controlled exercise and stroking.
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A cardboard box with a blanket over it will make a hiding area for an anxious cat.
A cardboard box with a blanket over it will make a hiding area for an anxious cat. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A cardboard box with a blanket over it will make a hiding area for an anxious cat.
A cardboard box with a blanket over it will make a hiding area for an anxious cat. A cardboard box with a blanket over it will make a hiding area for an anxious cat.
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This cat, that presented with ipsilateral humeral and femoral fractures, has an enriched cage environment with a bed, litter tray, food and water bowls, and some fresh grass. The cage is also of a low height which prevents jumping and the mesh is small to prevent the clamps of the external skeletal fixator becoming entangled in the wire. The cage was modified from an outside rabbit run.
This cat, that presented with ipsilateral humeral and femoral fractures, has an enriched cage environment with a bed, litter tray, food and water bowls, and some fresh grass. The cage is also of a low height which prevents jumping and the mesh is small to prevent the clamps of the external skeletal fixator becoming entangled in the wire. The cage was modified from an outside rabbit run. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of This cat, that presented with ipsilateral humeral and femoral fractures, has an enriched cage environment with a bed, litter tray, food and water bowls, and some fresh grass. The cage is also of a low height which prevents jumping and the mesh is small to prevent the clamps of the external skeletal fixator becoming entangled in the wire. The cage was modified from an outside rabbit run.
This cat, that presented with ipsilateral humeral and femoral fractures, has an enriched cage environment with a bed, litter tray, food and water bowls, and some fresh grass. The cage is also of a low height which prevents jumping and the mesh is small to prevent the clamps of the external skeletal fixator becoming entangled in the wire. The cage was modified from an outside rabbit run. This cat, that presented with ipsilateral humeral and femoral fractures, has an enriched cage environment with a bed, litter tray, food and water bowls, and some fresh grass. The cage is also of a low height which prevents jumping and the mesh is small to prevent the clamps of the external skeletal fixator becoming entangled in the wire. The cage was modified from an outside rabbit run.
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The cat has some swelling of the crus and paw.
The cat has some swelling of the crus and paw. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The cat has some swelling of the crus and paw.
The cat has some swelling of the crus and paw. The cat has some swelling of the crus and paw.
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The skin–pin interface of a cat where the ESF was left on for 18 months due to the owner failing to return for its removal at 10 weeks post-application. A functional seal has formed.
The skin–pin interface of a cat where the ESF was left on for 18 months due to the owner failing to return for its removal at 10 weeks post-application. A functional seal has formed. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The skin–pin interface of a cat where the ESF was left on for 18 months due to the owner failing to return for its removal at 10 weeks post-application. A functional seal has formed.
The skin–pin interface of a cat where the ESF was left on for 18 months due to the owner failing to return for its removal at 10 weeks post-application. A functional seal has formed. The skin–pin interface of a cat where the ESF was left on for 18 months due to the owner failing to return for its removal at 10 weeks post-application. A functional seal has formed.
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Radiographs taken 4 weeks postoperatively show early callus formation at the tibial fracture site. Further radiographs were scheduled to be taken in another 4 weeks; no change to the external skeletal fixator was made at this stage.
Radiographs taken 4 weeks postoperatively show early callus formation at the tibial fracture site. Further radiographs were scheduled to be taken in another 4 weeks; no change to the external skeletal fixator was made at this stage. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Radiographs taken 4 weeks postoperatively show early callus formation at the tibial fracture site. Further radiographs were scheduled to be taken in another 4 weeks; no change to the external skeletal fixator was made at this stage.
Radiographs taken 4 weeks postoperatively show early callus formation at the tibial fracture site. Further radiographs were scheduled to be taken in another 4 weeks; no change to the external skeletal fixator was made at this stage. Radiographs taken 4 weeks postoperatively show early callus formation at the tibial fracture site. Further radiographs were scheduled to be taken in another 4 weeks; no change to the external skeletal fixator was made at this stage.
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Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle, showing no evidence of concurrent problems.
Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle, showing no evidence of concurrent problems. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle, showing no evidence of concurrent problems.
Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle, showing no evidence of concurrent problems. Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle, showing no evidence of concurrent problems.
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Craniocaudal view, showing no evidence of concurrent problems.
Craniocaudal view, showing no evidence of concurrent problems. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Craniocaudal view, showing no evidence of concurrent problems.
Craniocaudal view, showing no evidence of concurrent problems. Craniocaudal view, showing no evidence of concurrent problems.
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Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle after surgery, showing better and deeper seating of the patella in the trochlear groove.
Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle after surgery, showing better and deeper seating of the patella in the trochlear groove. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle after surgery, showing better and deeper seating of the patella in the trochlear groove.
Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle after surgery, showing better and deeper seating of the patella in the trochlear groove. Mediolateral radiograph of the right stifle after surgery, showing better and deeper seating of the patella in the trochlear groove.
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Working on body awareness, balance and core strength. This Golden Retriever is standing on two legs on balance disks. (© Janet Van Dyke)
Working on body awareness, balance and core strength. This Golden Retriever is standing on two legs on balance disks. (© Janet Van Dyke) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Working on body awareness, balance and core strength. This Golden Retriever is standing on two legs on balance disks. (© Janet Van Dyke)
Working on body awareness, balance and core strength. This Golden Retriever is standing on two legs on balance disks. (© Janet Van Dyke) Working on body awareness, balance and core strength. This Golden Retriever is standing on two legs on balance disks. (© Janet Van Dyke)
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A bellyband is being used to facility this dog’s mobility within the hospital. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall)
A bellyband is being used to facility this dog’s mobility within the hospital. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A bellyband is being used to facility this dog’s mobility within the hospital. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall)
A bellyband is being used to facility this dog’s mobility within the hospital. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall) A bellyband is being used to facility this dog’s mobility within the hospital. (Courtesy of Rachel Lumbis and Catherine Kendall)
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A ‘Y’ fracture of the distal humerus.
A ‘Y’ fracture of the distal humerus. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A ‘Y’ fracture of the distal humerus.
A ‘Y’ fracture of the distal humerus. A ‘Y’ fracture of the distal humerus.
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A spica splint stabilizes the elbow and humerus. The flat lateral splint is held in place with adhesive tape over a Robert Jones dressing and a body bandage around the thorax. Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care.
A spica splint stabilizes the elbow and humerus. The flat lateral splint is held in place with adhesive tape over a Robert Jones dressing and a body bandage around the thorax. Reproduced from . © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A spica splint stabilizes the elbow and humerus. The flat lateral splint is held in place with adhesive tape over a Robert Jones dressing and a body bandage around the thorax. Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care.
A spica splint stabilizes the elbow and humerus. The flat lateral splint is held in place with adhesive tape over a Robert Jones dressing and a body bandage around the thorax. Reproduced from BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care. A spica splint stabilizes the elbow and humerus. The flat lateral splint is held in place with adhesive tape over a Robert Jones dressing and a body bandage around the thorax. Reproduced from .
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The Y fracture was stabilized with a medial bone plate, lateral bone plate and a transcondylar bone screw. Fracture reduction is good but there is a small gap in the condyle, which may indicate that the dog was suffering from incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle prior to acute complete fracture.
The Y fracture was stabilized with a medial bone plate, lateral bone plate and a transcondylar bone screw. Fracture reduction is good but there is a small gap in the condyle, which may indicate that the dog was suffering from incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle prior to acute complete fracture. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The Y fracture was stabilized with a medial bone plate, lateral bone plate and a transcondylar bone screw. Fracture reduction is good but there is a small gap in the condyle, which may indicate that the dog was suffering from incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle prior to acute complete fracture.
The Y fracture was stabilized with a medial bone plate, lateral bone plate and a transcondylar bone screw. Fracture reduction is good but there is a small gap in the condyle, which may indicate that the dog was suffering from incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle prior to acute complete fracture. The Y fracture was stabilized with a medial bone plate, lateral bone plate and a transcondylar bone screw. Fracture reduction is good but there is a small gap in the condyle, which may indicate that the dog was suffering from incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle prior to acute complete fracture.
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Gentle interaction with a patient in a quiet area of the ward can help address anxiety.
Gentle interaction with a patient in a quiet area of the ward can help address anxiety. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Gentle interaction with a patient in a quiet area of the ward can help address anxiety.
Gentle interaction with a patient in a quiet area of the ward can help address anxiety. Gentle interaction with a patient in a quiet area of the ward can help address anxiety.
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Passive supination of the forearm. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Passive supination of the forearm. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Passive supination of the forearm. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Passive supination of the forearm. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Passive supination of the forearm. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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Step-over exercise. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Step-over exercise. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Step-over exercise. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Step-over exercise. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Step-over exercise. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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A bandage ending as proximally as possible in the axilla will help reduce perifracture swelling and increase patient comfort. A body bandage could also be used after surgery, and this would provide more support of the limb.
A bandage ending as proximally as possible in the axilla will help reduce perifracture swelling and increase patient comfort. A body bandage could also be used after surgery, and this would provide more support of the limb. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A bandage ending as proximally as possible in the axilla will help reduce perifracture swelling and increase patient comfort. A body bandage could also be used after surgery, and this would provide more support of the limb.
A bandage ending as proximally as possible in the axilla will help reduce perifracture swelling and increase patient comfort. A body bandage could also be used after surgery, and this would provide more support of the limb. A bandage ending as proximally as possible in the axilla will help reduce perifracture swelling and increase patient comfort. A body bandage could also be used after surgery, and this would provide more support of the limb.
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The Rottweiler, showing an abnormal stance due to multiple joints affected by osteoarthritis.
The Rottweiler, showing an abnormal stance due to multiple joints affected by osteoarthritis. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The Rottweiler, showing an abnormal stance due to multiple joints affected by osteoarthritis.
The Rottweiler, showing an abnormal stance due to multiple joints affected by osteoarthritis. The Rottweiler, showing an abnormal stance due to multiple joints affected by osteoarthritis.
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Mediolateral elbow and pelvic radiographs showing well established osteoarthritis.
Mediolateral elbow and pelvic radiographs showing well established osteoarthritis. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Mediolateral elbow and pelvic radiographs showing well established osteoarthritis.
Mediolateral elbow and pelvic radiographs showing well established osteoarthritis. Mediolateral elbow and pelvic radiographs showing well established osteoarthritis.
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Mediolateral shoulder radiograph, showing very mild osteophytic changes on the caudal glenoid and humeral head and an area of mineralization in the supraspinatus muscle.
Mediolateral shoulder radiograph, showing very mild osteophytic changes on the caudal glenoid and humeral head and an area of mineralization in the supraspinatus muscle. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Mediolateral shoulder radiograph, showing very mild osteophytic changes on the caudal glenoid and humeral head and an area of mineralization in the supraspinatus muscle.
Mediolateral shoulder radiograph, showing very mild osteophytic changes on the caudal glenoid and humeral head and an area of mineralization in the supraspinatus muscle. Mediolateral shoulder radiograph, showing very mild osteophytic changes on the caudal glenoid and humeral head and an area of mineralization in the supraspinatus muscle.
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Dorsopalmar view of the forefoot, showing fragmentation of sesamoids II and VII.
Dorsopalmar view of the forefoot, showing fragmentation of sesamoids II and VII. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Dorsopalmar view of the forefoot, showing fragmentation of sesamoids II and VII.
Dorsopalmar view of the forefoot, showing fragmentation of sesamoids II and VII. Dorsopalmar view of the forefoot, showing fragmentation of sesamoids II and VII.
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Spinal mobilizations may be performed by a veterinary physiotherapist. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Spinal mobilizations may be performed by a veterinary physiotherapist. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Spinal mobilizations may be performed by a veterinary physiotherapist. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Spinal mobilizations may be performed by a veterinary physiotherapist. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Spinal mobilizations may be performed by a veterinary physiotherapist. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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Acupuncture applied to the infraspinatus muscle to treat the pain of elbow arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
Acupuncture applied to the infraspinatus muscle to treat the pain of elbow arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Acupuncture applied to the infraspinatus muscle to treat the pain of elbow arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
Acupuncture applied to the infraspinatus muscle to treat the pain of elbow arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley) Acupuncture applied to the infraspinatus muscle to treat the pain of elbow arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
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Electroacupuncture applied to hip and back points for the treatment of pain secondary to hip arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
Electroacupuncture applied to hip and back points for the treatment of pain secondary to hip arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Electroacupuncture applied to hip and back points for the treatment of pain secondary to hip arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
Electroacupuncture applied to hip and back points for the treatment of pain secondary to hip arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley) Electroacupuncture applied to hip and back points for the treatment of pain secondary to hip arthritis. (Courtesy of Samantha Lindley)
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A crate with deep comfortable bedding would be most suitable.
A crate with deep comfortable bedding would be most suitable. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of A crate with deep comfortable bedding would be most suitable.
A crate with deep comfortable bedding would be most suitable. A crate with deep comfortable bedding would be most suitable.
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Ramps can help dogs with limited mobility get in and out of cars.
Ramps can help dogs with limited mobility get in and out of cars. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Ramps can help dogs with limited mobility get in and out of cars.
Ramps can help dogs with limited mobility get in and out of cars. Ramps can help dogs with limited mobility get in and out of cars.
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An overweight cat that is reluctant to exercise unless it is feeding time.
An overweight cat that is reluctant to exercise unless it is feeding time. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of An overweight cat that is reluctant to exercise unless it is feeding time.
An overweight cat that is reluctant to exercise unless it is feeding time. An overweight cat that is reluctant to exercise unless it is feeding time.
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The cat is stiff and has difficulty rising from sitting or lying.
The cat is stiff and has difficulty rising from sitting or lying. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The cat is stiff and has difficulty rising from sitting or lying.
The cat is stiff and has difficulty rising from sitting or lying. The cat is stiff and has difficulty rising from sitting or lying.
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The hip radiograph shows coxofemoral and intervertebral osteophytosis. The elbow radiograph shows multiple ‘joint mice’.
The hip radiograph shows coxofemoral and intervertebral osteophytosis. The elbow radiograph shows multiple ‘joint mice’. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of The hip radiograph shows coxofemoral and intervertebral osteophytosis. The elbow radiograph shows multiple ‘joint mice’.
The hip radiograph shows coxofemoral and intervertebral osteophytosis. The elbow radiograph shows multiple ‘joint mice’. The hip radiograph shows coxofemoral and intervertebral osteophytosis. The elbow radiograph shows multiple ‘joint mice’.
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Stepped access to and from favourite areas may help a cat with limited mobility. (© Samantha Elmhurst)
Stepped access to and from favourite areas may help a cat with limited mobility. (© Samantha Elmhurst) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Stepped access to and from favourite areas may help a cat with limited mobility. (© Samantha Elmhurst)
Stepped access to and from favourite areas may help a cat with limited mobility. (© Samantha Elmhurst) Stepped access to and from favourite areas may help a cat with limited mobility. (© Samantha Elmhurst)
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An outdoor cat may spontaneously increase activity.
An outdoor cat may spontaneously increase activity. © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of An outdoor cat may spontaneously increase activity.
An outdoor cat may spontaneously increase activity. An outdoor cat may spontaneously increase activity.
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Short play sessions can be used to provide exercise for cats. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Short play sessions can be used to provide exercise for cats. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) © 2010 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Image of Short play sessions can be used to provide exercise for cats. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
Short play sessions can be used to provide exercise for cats. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp) Short play sessions can be used to provide exercise for cats. (Courtesy of Brian Sharp)
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