Early recognition of signs of ill health during the initial stages of disease is vital to ensure diagnosis and treatment. In certain conditions, this early diagnosis is likely to lead to a more satisfactory long-term response. Preventative veterinary healthcare includes the performance of a regular routine examination, in order to identify normal states. This entails methods of handling and restraint to allow examination of the animal; in addition, grooming is necessary to facilitate thorough examination of skin and to maintain coat condition. A further facet of healthcare and preventative medicine is nutrition, tailored to the animal's lifestyle and life stage. This chapter presents information on How to perform a basic physical examination; Regular health checks that are necessary and how to measure and record vital signs; Recognizing the signs of good and poor health; Correct terminology of normal and abnormal conditions; Prediction of the common behavioural characteristics of the dog and cat; Restraint equipment; Preventative healthcare management; Grooming equipment; Basic nutrition.