1887
Injectable anaesthetics
British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 190 (2016); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781910443231.14
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14
  1. Home
  2. Manuals
  3. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia
  4. Chapter

fInjectable anaesthetics

image of Injectable anaesthetics
Download PDF

Abstract

Injectable anaesthetics are used either for induction of anaesthesia followed by maintenance with an inhalational anaesthetic agent, or as a sole agent to induce and maintain anaesthesia. This chapter deals with venous access, injectable anaesthetics, neuroleptanalgesia and total intravenous anaesthesia.

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/10.22233/9781910443231/9781910443231.14.html?itemId=/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14

Figures

/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig1
14.1
Marginal auricular veins, such as those observed in this German Shorthaired Pointer, may be suitable for venous catheterization. Avoid the artery which generally courses along the middle portion of the ear pinna. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_1_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_1.png
Image of 14.1
14.1 Marginal auricular veins, such as those observed in this German Shorthaired Pointer, may be suitable for venous catheterization. Avoid the artery which generally courses along the middle portion of the ear pinna.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig2
14.2
Different types of intravenous catheters. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_2_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_2.png
Image of 14.2
14.2 Different types of intravenous catheters.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig3
14.3
(a) Insertion of an intravenous catheter into the cephalic vein in a cat. (b) Fixation of the catheter to the limb with tape. (c) An elastic bandage is then applied to cover the tape. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_3_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_3.png
Image of 14.3
14.3 (a) Insertion of an intravenous catheter into the cephalic vein in a cat. (b) Fixation of the catheter to the limb with tape. (c) An elastic bandage is then applied to cover the tape.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig4
14.4
Phlebitis and tissue slough after accidental perivascular injection of 5% thiopental in a dog. (Courtesy of Tanya Duke-Novakovski, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada) © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_4_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_4.png
Image of 14.4
14.4 Phlebitis and tissue slough after accidental perivascular injection of 5% thiopental in a dog. (Courtesy of Tanya Duke-Novakovski, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig15
14.15
Infusion system with a burette and a microdrip chamber. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_15_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_15.png
Image of 14.15
14.15 Infusion system with a burette and a microdrip chamber.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig16
14.16
Volumetric infusion pumps. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_16_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_16.png
Image of 14.16
14.16 Volumetric infusion pumps.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14.ch14fig17
14.17
Syringe drivers. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_17_thumb.gif
10.22233/9781910443231/fig14_17.png
Image of 14.17
14.17 Syringe drivers.

References

  1. Adam HK , Glen JB and Hoyle PA (1980) Pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals of ICI 35 868, a new i.v. anaesthetic agent. British Journal of Anaesthesia 52 , 743–746 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ambros B , Duke-Novakovski T and Pasloske KS (2008) Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone-2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69 , 1391–1398 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Andress JL , Day TK and Day D (1995) The effects of consecutive day propofol anesthesia on feline red blood cells. Veterinary Surgery 24 , 277–282 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Beal MW and Hughes D (2000) Vascular access: theory and techniques in the small animal emergency patient. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 15 , 101–109 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Beths T , Reid J , Monteiro AM , Nolan AM and Glen JB (2001) Evaluation and optimisation of target-controlled infusion systems for administering propofol to dogs as part of a total intravenous anaesthetic technique during dental surgery. Veterinary Record 148 , 198–203 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Beths T , Touzot-Jourde G , Musk G and Pasloske K (2014) Clinical evaluation of alfaxalone to induce and maintain anaesthesia in cats undergoing neutering procedures. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 16 ( 8 ), 609–615 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bley CR , Roos M , Price J et al. (2007) Clinical assessment of repeated propofol-associated anesthesia in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231 , 1347–1353 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Boscan P , Pypendop B , Solano A and Ilkiw JE (2005) Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of ketamine infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs before and during noxious stimulation. American Journal of Veterinary Research 66 , 2122–2129 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Chamberlin SC , Sullivan LA , Morley PS and Boscan P (2013) Evaluation of ultrasound-guided vascular access in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 23 , 498–503
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Clarke KW , Trim CM and Hall LW (2013) Veterinary Anaesthesia , 11th edn. Saunders, Edinburgh
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Doebeli A , Michel E , Bettschart R , Hartnack S and Reichler IM (2013) Apgar score after induction of anesthesia for canine cesarean section with alfaxalone versus propofol. Theriogenology 80 , 850–854 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Duke T (2013) Partial intravenous anesthesia in cats and dogs. Canadian Veterinary Journal 54 , 276–282
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Ferré P , Pasloske K , Whittem T et al. (2006) Plasma pharmacokinetics of alfaxalone in dogs after an intravenous bolus of Alfaxan-CD RTU. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 33 , 229–236 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Gaspard N , Foreman B , Judd LM et al. (2013) Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia 54 , 498–503
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hanna RM , Borchard RE and Schmidt SL (1988) Pharmacokinetics of ketamine HCl and metabolite I in the cat: a comparison of i.v., i.m., and rectal administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11 , 84–93 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Heit M , Pasloske K , Whittem T , Ranasinghe M and Li Q (2004) Plasma pharmacokinetics of alfaxalone in cats after administration at 5 and 25 mg/kg as an intravenous bolus of Alfaxan-CD RTU. In: Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine , Minneapolis, pp. 849–850
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Herbert GL , Bowlt KL , Ford-Fennah V , Covey-Crump GL and Murrell JC (2013) Alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a comparison of premedication with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 40 , 124–133 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ilkiw J , Benthuysen J , Ebling W and McNeal D (1991) A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of thiopental in the rabbit, sheep and dog. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14 , 134–140 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Ilkiw J and Pascoe P (2003) Cardiovascular effects of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64 , 913–917 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Jackson A , Tobias K , Long C , Bartges J and Harvey R (2004) Effects of various anesthetic agents on laryngeal motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs. Veterinary Surgery 33 , 102–106 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kaka J and Hayton W (1980) Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and two metabolites in the dog. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 8 , 193–202 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Keates H and Whittem T (2012) Effect of intravenous dose escalation with alfaxalone and propofol on occurrence of apnoea in the dog. Research in Veterinary Science 93 , 904–906 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Luna S , Cassu R , Castro G et al. (2004) Effects of four anaesthetic protocols on the neurological and cardiorespiratory variables of puppies born by caesarean section. Veterinary Record 154 , 387–389 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Matot I , Neely CF , Katz RY and Neufeld GR (1993) Pulmonary uptake of propofol in cats. Effect of fentanyl and halothane. Anesthesiology 78 , 1157–1165 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. McIntosh MP , Schwarting N and Rajewski RA (2004) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin enabled etomidate formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 93 , 2585–2594 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Mendes G and Selmi A (2003) Use of a combination of propofol and fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223 , 1608–1613 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Muir W , Wiese AJ and March PA (2003) Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64 , 1155–1160 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Murrell J , Notten RWV and Hellebrekers L (2005) Clinical investigation of remifentanil and propofol for the total intravenous anaesthesia of dogs. Veterinary Record 156 , 804–808 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Musk GC and Flaherty DA (2007) Target-controlled infusion of propofol combined with variable rate infusion of remifentanil for anaesthesia of a dog with patent ductus arteriosus. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 34 , 359–364 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Musk GC , Pang DSJ , Beths T and Flaherty DA (2005) Target-controlled infusion of propofol in dogs – evaluation of four targets for induction of anaesthesia. Veterinary Record 157 , 766–770 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Nolan A and Reid J (1993) Pharmacokinetics of propofol administered by infusion in dogs undergoing surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 70 , 546–551 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Nolan AM , Reid J and Grant S (1993) The effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16 , 335–342 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. O’Hagan B , Pasloske K , McKinnon C , Perkins N and Whittem T (2012a) Clinical evaluation of alfaxalone as an anaesthetic induction agent in dogs less than 12 weeks of age. Australian Veterinary Journal 90 , 346–350 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. O’Hagan BJ , Pasloske K , McKinnon C , Perkins NR and Whittem T (2012b) Clinical evaluation of alfaxalone as an anaesthetic induction agent in cats less than 12 weeks of age. Australian Veterinary Journal 90 , 395–401 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Paris A , Philipp M , Tonner PH et al. (2003). Activation of alpha 2B-adrenoceptors mediates the cardiovascular effects of etomidate. Anesthesiology 99 , 889–895 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Pascoe PJ , Ilkiw JE and Frischmeyer KJ (2006a) The effect of the duration of propofol administration on recovery from anesthesia in cats. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 33 , 2–7 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Pascoe PJ , Raekallio M , Kuusela E , McKusick B and Granholm M (2006b) Changes in the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane and some cardiopulmonary measurements during three continuous infusion rates of dexmedetomidine in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 33 , 97–103 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Pypendop B and Ilkiw J (2005) Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its metabolite, norketamine, after intravenous administration of a bolus of ketamine to isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 66 , 2034–2038 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Ramoo S , Bradbury LA , Anderson GA and Abraham LA (2013) Sedation of hyperthyroid cats with subcutaneous administration of a combination of alfaxalone and butorphanol. Australian Veterinary Journal 91 , 131–136 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Reid J and Nolan AM (1996) Pharmacokinetics of propofol as an induction agent in geriatric dogs. Research in Veterinary Science 61 , 169–171 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Riviere JE (2011) Comparative Pharmacokinetics: Principles, Techniques and Applications , 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Serrano S , Hughes D and Chandler K (2006) Use of ketamine for the management of refractory status epilepticus in a dog. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20 , 194–197 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Strachan FA , Mansel JC and Clutton RE (2008) A comparison of microbial growth in alfaxalone, propofol and thiopental. Journal of Small Animal Practice 49 , 186–190 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Ueda Y , Odunayo A and Mann FA (2013) Comparison of heparinized saline and 0.9% sodium chloride for maintaining peripheral intravenous catheter patency in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 23 , 517–522
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Warne LN , Beths T , Whittem T , Carter JE and Bauquier SH (2015) A review of the pharmacology and clinical application of alfaxalone in cats. The Veterinary Journal 203 ( 2 ), 141–148 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Wertz E , Benson G , Thurmon J et al. (1990) Pharmacokinetics of etomidate in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51 , 281–285
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Woerlee GM (2008) Gerry’s real world guide to pharmacokinetics and other things. Available from www.anesthesiaweb.org/images/real-world-guide/gwoerlee101508a.pdf
  48. Wright M (1982) Pharmacologic effects of ketamine and its use in veterinary medicine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 180 , 1462–1471
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Zhang J , Maland L , Hague B et al. (1998) Buccal absorption of etomidate from a solid formulation in dogs. Anesthesia and Analgesia 86 , 1116–1122 [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]

More like this

/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443231.chap14
dcterms_title,dcterms_description
-contentType:Journal
5
5
Loading ...

Loading ...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error