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General principles of perioperative care
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443231.chap3
General principles of perioperative care
- Author: Martina Mosing
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia
- Item: Chapter 3, pp 13 - 23
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443231.3
- Copyright: © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: April 2016
Abstract
Management of the perioperative period plays an important role in reducing anaesthetic-related mortality in cats and dogs. This chapter describes the scientific facts of perioperative risk revealed by one major study that investigated small animal anaesthetic fatalities and discusses anaesthetic risk factors in dogs and cats, proper patient positioning, body temperature and its regulation, recovery and handover from theatre team to postoperative team.
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Figures
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3.1
(a) Poor positioning of a cat for laparotomy. The limbs are over-extended and the tension on the thorax impairs thoracic movements. The pelvic limbs are pulled below the level of the heart. (b) The same cat after repositioning to a better position. Sandbags underneath the heating blanket are used to keep the cat in stable dorsal recumbency. The limbs are in a relaxed position and higher than the heart to avoid pooling of blood in the limbs. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.1
(a) Poor positioning of a cat for laparotomy. The limbs are over-extended and the tension on the thorax impairs thoracic movements. The pelvic limbs are pulled below the level of the heart. (b) The same cat after repositioning to a better position. Sandbags underneath the heating blanket are used to keep the cat in stable dorsal recumbency. The limbs are in a relaxed position and higher than the heart to avoid pooling of blood in the limbs.
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3.2
Heat distribution in the dog. (a) In the awake dog, the core compartment varies little in temperature. The peripheral compartment absorbs or releases heat to maintain normothermia. The temperature in the peripheral compartment can vary by up to 8°C. (b) Internal redistribution of body heat following induction of general anaesthesia (phase 1). Heat is redistributed into the peripheral compartment through vasodilation, leading to a drop in core temperature. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.2
Heat distribution in the dog. (a) In the awake dog, the core compartment varies little in temperature. The peripheral compartment absorbs or releases heat to maintain normothermia. The temperature in the peripheral compartment can vary by up to 8°C. (b) Internal redistribution of body heat following induction of general anaesthesia (phase 1). Heat is redistributed into the peripheral compartment through vasodilation, leading to a drop in core temperature.
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3.3
Typical curve for the development of hypothermia during general anaesthesia. The initial decrease (phase 1) results from a redistribution of body heat from the core to the periphery. This is followed by phase 2, in which a further decrease in temperature results from heat loss exceeding heat production. Finally, a plateau is reached where heat production equals heat loss (phase 3). © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.3
Typical curve for the development of hypothermia during general anaesthesia. The initial decrease (phase 1) results from a redistribution of body heat from the core to the periphery. This is followed by phase 2, in which a further decrease in temperature results from heat loss exceeding heat production. Finally, a plateau is reached where heat production equals heat loss (phase 3).
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3.4
Passive warming system. Metallic foil is used to cover the patient, reducing radiant, conductive and convective heat losses. (Courtesy of Rima Bektas, University of Zürich) © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.4
Passive warming system. Metallic foil is used to cover the patient, reducing radiant, conductive and convective heat losses. (Courtesy of Rima Bektas, University of Zürich)
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3.5
Dog anaesthetized for treatment of a burn wound caused at an earlier stage by an electrical heating mat placed beneath the dog during ovariohysterectomy in dorsal recumbency. (Courtesy of Stephanie Picek, University of Zürich) © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.5
Dog anaesthetized for treatment of a burn wound caused at an earlier stage by an electrical heating mat placed beneath the dog during ovariohysterectomy in dorsal recumbency. (Courtesy of Stephanie Picek, University of Zürich)
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3.6
Cat under general anaesthesia. The blanket of an electrical heating system (Hot Dog® device) is wrapped around the patient to minimize heat loss. (Courtesy of Charlotte Marly-Voquer, University of Zürich) © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.6
Cat under general anaesthesia. The blanket of an electrical heating system (Hot Dog® device) is wrapped around the patient to minimize heat loss. (Courtesy of Charlotte Marly-Voquer, University of Zürich)
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3.7
Active warming of a cat using forced warm air. The cover has been cut to allow surgical access and the edges of the cut are sealed with tape to avoid escape of the warm air. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.7
Active warming of a cat using forced warm air. The cover has been cut to allow surgical access and the edges of the cut are sealed with tape to avoid escape of the warm air.
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3.8
Recovery set-up for a cat with postoperative shivering. A forced warm air system and a heat lamp are used to rewarm the patient. Oxygen is being delivered via facemask to compensate for the increase in oxygen demand due to the shivering. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.8
Recovery set-up for a cat with postoperative shivering. A forced warm air system and a heat lamp are used to rewarm the patient. Oxygen is being delivered via facemask to compensate for the increase in oxygen demand due to the shivering.
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3.9
Pug recovering from anaesthesia after upper airway surgery. A bandage roll is placed in the mouth to keep the tongue pulled out and to maintain a patent airway. © 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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3.9
Pug recovering from anaesthesia after upper airway surgery. A bandage roll is placed in the mouth to keep the tongue pulled out and to maintain a patent airway.