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The testicle is exteriorized by incising the spermatic fascia but leaving the parietal vaginal tunic intact.

The testicle is further exteriorized by breaking the dense connective tissue between the tail of the epididymis and the scrotal wall (scrotal ligament).

Adherent adipose tissue is removed from the parietal tunic by brushing from the testicle downwards with a moist surgical swab.

The point at which the spermatic cord is to be ligated may be crushed in artery forceps prior to the placement of a transfixing figure-of-eight ligature through the non-vascular component of the cord.

Sever the cord immediately above the ligature.

Grasp and incise the parietal vaginal tunic to allow retraction of the testicle from within the tunics.

Separate the spermatic cord from the tunics and cremaster muscle.

Ligate the cremaster muscle and tunics separately; transect immediately above the ligature.

Exposure of the prostate gland via caudal laparotomy.

Pus draining from lateral stab incision in prostate gland.

‘Window’ created in lateral aspect of the prostatic abscess.

Digital exploration of the abscess cavities.

Forceps drawing omentum into ventral abscess cavity.

Omentum in ventral abscess cavity before packing into dorsal cavity.

The paraprostatic cyst (arrowed) is exteriorized and the abdomen packed off with swabs.

A single stab is made into the cyst and its contents are aspirated.

The majority of the cyst wall is resected.

Carcinoma of penile glans.

Extrusion of the penis with tourniquet around the base.

Incision in penile mucosa.

Separation of the urethra from the os penis.

Amputation of the penis, leaving an extended section of urethra.

Oversewing the cavernous tissue to limit bleeding.

Spatulation of the reflected mucosa over the end of the amputated penis.

Completed urethral repair.

Bleeding following removal of tourniquet.

Patient positioned for scrotal urethrostomy.

Castration with scrotal ablation.

The retractor penis muscle is identified and displaced laterally to expose the urethra.

The urethra is incised longitudinally with a No. 11 scalpel blade; the urethral mucosa is identified.

Monofilament, non-absorbable suture material (polypropylene) is used to suture the urethrostomy. A swaged-on taper cut needle should be used to minimize the size of the needle tract. The urethrostomy can be sutured using either a simple interrupted or a simple continuous pattern. A simple continuous pattern results in accurate apposition of the urethral mucosa to the skin and helps to achieve haemostasis. If the cranial aspect of the skin incision extends beyond the urethral incision, it should be closed with simple interrupted sutures. The needle should be driven from the urethral mucosa to the skin for best apposition. Each suture should comprise three tissue bites: the urethral mucosa; a 2–3 mm bite of the fibrous tunica albuginea; and a split-thickness bite of the skin.

The proximal urethra is catheterized.

Completed scrotal urethrostomy.

Incision surrounding the scrotum.

Dissection and dorsal reflection of the penis.

Incision of the ischiocavernosus muscle.

Resection of the ischiocavernosus muscle.

Resection of the retractor penis muscle.

Exposure of penile urethra with urolith and localized cellulitis.

Spatulation of the urethral mucosa and cutaneous suturing.

Urethral stoma after amputation of the penile stoma.

Position of the prepubic incision.

Dissection of the bladder neck and urethra.

Elevation of the bladder neck and urethra.

Exteriorization of the resected urethra.

Resected urethra anchored in the laparotomy repair.

Complete urethral stoma.