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The female reproductive system
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443248.chap17
The female reproductive system
- Author: Jane Ladlow
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Abdominal Surgery
- Item: Chapter 17, pp 333 - 358
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443248.17
- Copyright: © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: November 2015
Abstract
Elective neutering of female dogs and cats is one of the commonest surgeries performed in veterinary practice. Over the last decade, sterilization techniques in the bitch have advanced with the introduction of laparoscopic techniques and the acceptance of both ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy for routine neutering. This chapter addresses anatomy and surgical procedures, broken down into uterus; ovaries; vagina, vestibule and vulva; and external genitalia. Practical tips are highlighted throughout. Operative techniques: Canine ovariohysterectomy; Canine ovariectomy; Feline ovariohysterectomy; Caesarian section; Episioplasty; Episiotomy.
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Figures
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17.1
The anatomy of the female reproductive system in the bitch. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.1
The anatomy of the female reproductive system in the bitch. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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17.2
Different knots that are suitable for ovarian pedicle ligation. (a) Sliding knot. (b) Modified transfixing ligature. (c) Single/double other side knot. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.2
Different knots that are suitable for ovarian pedicle ligation. (a) Sliding knot. (b) Modified transfixing ligature. (c) Single/double other side knot. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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17.3
Laparoscopic ovariectomy with the ovary suspended to the body wall via an externally placed suture and a vessel-sealing device across the ovarian pedicle. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.3
Laparoscopic ovariectomy with the ovary suspended to the body wall via an externally placed suture and a vessel-sealing device across the ovarian pedicle.
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17.4
The appearance of the uterus in a 6-year-old Mastiff following bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy 4 years previously. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.4
The appearance of the uterus in a 6-year-old Mastiff following bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy 4 years previously.
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17.5
Postoperative haemorrhage following ovariohysterectomy. Exploratory surgery was required to stop the cervical bleeding. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.5
Postoperative haemorrhage following ovariohysterectomy. Exploratory surgery was required to stop the cervical bleeding.
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17.6
Ovarian granuloma that has resulted in ureteric entrapment, hydronephrosis and flank sinus. The granuloma was resected along with the left kidney and ureter. (Courtesy of P Neath) © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.6
Ovarian granuloma that has resulted in ureteric entrapment, hydronephrosis and flank sinus. The granuloma was resected along with the left kidney and ureter. (Courtesy of P Neath)
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17.7
MR image showing ureteric entrapment by an ovarian granuloma (arrowed) with subsequent hydronephrosis. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.7
MR image showing ureteric entrapment by an ovarian granuloma (arrowed) with subsequent hydronephrosis.
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17.8
Flank sinus secondary to an ovarian granuloma in a 3-year-old bitch neutered 3 years previously. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.8
Flank sinus secondary to an ovarian granuloma in a 3-year-old bitch neutered 3 years previously.
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17.9
Unicornuate uterus as an incidental finding during a cat ovariohysterectomy. The ovary is in the correct position. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.9
Unicornuate uterus as an incidental finding during a cat ovariohysterectomy. The ovary is in the correct position.
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17.10
Closed pyometra in a 9-year-old Boxer. The uterine horns are engorged and friable and require delicate handling to prevent rupture. (Courtesy of J Hall) © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.10
Closed pyometra in a 9-year-old Boxer. The uterine horns are engorged and friable and require delicate handling to prevent rupture. (Courtesy of J Hall)
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17.11
Uterine horn torsion in a cat. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.11
Uterine horn torsion in a cat.
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17.12
Ovarian cyst as an incidental finding during ovariectomy. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.12
Ovarian cyst as an incidental finding during ovariectomy.
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17.13
Ovarian tumour (carcinoma) in a 6-year-old Collie cross. (Courtesy of J Hall) © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.13
Ovarian tumour (carcinoma) in a 6-year-old Collie cross. (Courtesy of J Hall)
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17.14
(a) Vaginal prolapse in a Pug that whelped 2 days previously. (b) Vaginal prolapse post-resection. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.14
(a) Vaginal prolapse in a Pug that whelped 2 days previously. (b) Vaginal prolapse post-resection.
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17.15
Vulval squamous cell carcinoma. This tumour was resected with 1 cm surgical margins, resulting in a perineal urethrostomy. Clean surgical margins were achieved. (Courtesy of R Doust) © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.15
Vulval squamous cell carcinoma. This tumour was resected with 1 cm surgical margins, resulting in a perineal urethrostomy. Clean surgical margins were achieved. (Courtesy of R Doust)
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17.16
Vulval fold pyoderma in a 6-year-old neutered Newfoundland bitch. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.16
Vulval fold pyoderma in a 6-year-old neutered Newfoundland bitch.
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17.17
Vaginal septum (thick vertical band) approached by an episiotomy. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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17.17
Vaginal septum (thick vertical band) approached by an episiotomy.
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Ovary retracted whilst suspensory ligament is stretched/ruptured.
Ovary retracted whilst suspensory ligament is stretched/ruptured. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Ovary retracted whilst suspensory ligament is stretched/ruptured.
Ovary retracted whilst suspensory ligament is stretched/ruptured.
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Ovarian pedicle (containing the ovarian artery and vein), with three clamps placed below the ovary. The dashed line shows the level of transection.
Ovarian pedicle (containing the ovarian artery and vein), with three clamps placed below the ovary. The dashed line shows the level of transection. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Ovarian pedicle (containing the ovarian artery and vein), with three clamps placed below the ovary. The dashed line shows the level of transection.
Ovarian pedicle (containing the ovarian artery and vein), with three clamps placed below the ovary. The dashed line shows the level of transection.
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Ligature placed and tied in crush mark created by proximal clamp.
Ligature placed and tied in crush mark created by proximal clamp. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Ligature placed and tied in crush mark created by proximal clamp.
Ligature placed and tied in crush mark created by proximal clamp.
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Broad ligament broken down and ‘bunch’ ligated if vascular.
Broad ligament broken down and ‘bunch’ ligated if vascular. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Broad ligament broken down and ‘bunch’ ligated if vascular.
Broad ligament broken down and ‘bunch’ ligated if vascular.
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Three clamps applied to uterine body, immediately distal to the cervix (C). Dashed line indicates amputation site.
Three clamps applied to uterine body, immediately distal to the cervix (C). Dashed line indicates amputation site. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Three clamps applied to uterine body, immediately distal to the cervix (C). Dashed line indicates amputation site.
Three clamps applied to uterine body, immediately distal to the cervix (C). Dashed line indicates amputation site.
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Subcutaneous fat is excised to expose the underlying muscles.
Subcutaneous fat is excised to expose the underlying muscles. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Subcutaneous fat is excised to expose the underlying muscles.
Subcutaneous fat is excised to expose the underlying muscles.
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Incision through external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and rectus abdominis muscles, using a No. 15 scalpel blade.
Incision through external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and rectus abdominis muscles, using a No. 15 scalpel blade. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Incision through external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and rectus abdominis muscles, using a No. 15 scalpel blade.
Incision through external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and rectus abdominis muscles, using a No. 15 scalpel blade.
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Episiotomy incision. The dorsoventral incision begins 1–2 cm ventral to the anus and extends to include the dorsal vulvar commissure (arrowed). The incision is continued through the subcutaneous and muscle tissue layers, entering the vaginal wall.
Episiotomy incision. The dorsoventral incision begins 1–2 cm ventral to the anus and extends to include the dorsal vulvar commissure (arrowed). The incision is continued through the subcutaneous and muscle tissue layers, entering the vaginal wall. © 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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Episiotomy incision. The dorsoventral incision begins 1–2 cm ventral to the anus and extends to include the dorsal vulvar commissure (arrowed). The incision is continued through the subcutaneous and muscle tissue layers, entering the vaginal wall.
Episiotomy incision. The dorsoventral incision begins 1–2 cm ventral to the anus and extends to include the dorsal vulvar commissure (arrowed). The incision is continued through the subcutaneous and muscle tissue layers, entering the vaginal wall.