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Halitosis
British Small Animal Veterinary Association , 60 (2019); https://doi.org/10.22233/9781910443361-3e.11
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443361-3e.chap11
Halitosis
- Author: Patrick Barko
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology
- Item: Chapter 11, pp 60 - 63
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443361-3e.11
- Copyright: © 2020 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: November 2019
Abstract
Halitosis is defined as a noticeably unpleasant odour emitted from the mouth during breathing. Clinically, halitosis can be subdivided into two categories: physiological and pathological. Halitosis is common in dogs and cats and is a significant cause for concern among pet owners. This chapter covers pathophysiology, differential diagnoses, signalment, history and physical examination, diagnostic tests and treatment.
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Figures
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11.2
Periodontitis is a common cause of halitosis. (a) A 5-year-old Maltese dog with severe periodontitis, dental calculus and gingival haemorrhage. (b) A 6.5-year-old mixed-breed dog with severe periodontitis, gingivitis and dental calculus. (Courtesy of Amy Somrak) © 2020 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.2
Periodontitis is a common cause of halitosis. (a) A 5-year-old Maltese dog with severe periodontitis, dental calculus and gingival haemorrhage. (b) A 6.5-year-old mixed-breed dog with severe periodontitis, gingivitis and dental calculus. (Courtesy of Amy Somrak)
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11.3
(a–c) Oronasal fistulae in three dogs. (Courtesy of Amy Somrak) © 2020 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.3
(a–c) Oronasal fistulae in three dogs. (Courtesy of Amy Somrak)
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11.4
(a, b) Gingivostomatitis in a 7.5-year-old castrated male Domestic Shorthaired cat. (Courtesy of Amy Somrak) © 2020 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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11.4
(a, b) Gingivostomatitis in a 7.5-year-old castrated male Domestic Shorthaired cat. (Courtesy of Amy Somrak)