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One Health
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443798.chap9
One Health
- Authors: Matthew Rendle and Becky Jones
- From: BSAVA Manual of Practical Veterinary Welfare
- Item: Chapter 9, pp 209 - 229
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443798.9
- Copyright: © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: November 2022
Abstract
The basic concept of One Health is that the health of people, animals and the environment are intrinsically linked at a local, national and global level. It is a concept that has gained momentum in recent years, owing to the impact of a rapidly growing human population, accelerating changes to the ecosystem, and the growing number of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. This chapter discusses many aspects and issues of global One Health, including the human–animal bond, shared health issues, animals as sentinels, the exotic pet trade and animal-assisted interventions.
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Figures
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9.1
The One Health concept.
(Redrawn after
Destoumieux-Garzón et al., 2018
) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.2
Red foxes are frequently studied as they are a wildlife reservoir for several important diseases of humans and domestic animals, including the rabies virus and the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) in continental Europe.
(Jamie Hall/Shutterstock.com) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.2
Red foxes are frequently studied as they are a wildlife reservoir for several important diseases of humans and domestic animals, including the rabies virus and the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) in continental Europe.
(Jamie Hall/Shutterstock.com)
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9.3
The One Health Umbrella highlights the breadth of factors to be considered when taking a holistic approach to human, animal and environmental health.
(© One Health Sweden in collaboration with the One Health Initiative) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.3
The One Health Umbrella highlights the breadth of factors to be considered when taking a holistic approach to human, animal and environmental health.
(© One Health Sweden in collaboration with the One Health Initiative)
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9.4
Map of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases detected in humans since 1998.
(Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.4
Map of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases detected in humans since 1998.
(Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0)
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9.5
The five stages through which pathogens of animals evolve to cause disease in humans. Stage 1 = A microbe that is present in animals but that has not been detected in humans under natural conditions. Stage 2 = A pathogen of animals that, under natural conditions, has been transmitted from animals to humans but has not been transmitted between humans. Stage 3 = Animal pathogens that can undergo only a few cycles of secondary transmission between humans, so that occasional human outbreaks triggered by a primary infection soon die out. Stage 4 = A disease that exists in animals, and that has a natural cycle of infecting humans by primary transmission from the animal host, but that also undergoes long sequences of secondary transmission between humans without the involvement of animal hosts. Stage 5 = A pathogen exclusive to humans.
(Reproduced from
Wolfe et al. (2007)
with permission from the publisher) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.5
The five stages through which pathogens of animals evolve to cause disease in humans. Stage 1 = A microbe that is present in animals but that has not been detected in humans under natural conditions. Stage 2 = A pathogen of animals that, under natural conditions, has been transmitted from animals to humans but has not been transmitted between humans. Stage 3 = Animal pathogens that can undergo only a few cycles of secondary transmission between humans, so that occasional human outbreaks triggered by a primary infection soon die out. Stage 4 = A disease that exists in animals, and that has a natural cycle of infecting humans by primary transmission from the animal host, but that also undergoes long sequences of secondary transmission between humans without the involvement of animal hosts. Stage 5 = A pathogen exclusive to humans.
(Reproduced from
Wolfe et al. (2007)
with permission from the publisher)
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9.6
Primates venturing into houses for food in India are at greater risk of communicable disease than their rural counterparts. © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.6
Primates venturing into houses for food in India are at greater risk of communicable disease than their rural counterparts.
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9.7
The epidemiological triad. An outbreak requires interaction between an agent, a host and the environment. The agent may be any potential pathogen (e.g. a virus or bacterium). The host is any organism that carries the disease, with or without clinical signs. The environment refers to any factor influencing the spread of the disease that is not part of the agent or host (e.g. temperature, population density). In vector-borne diseases, the vector is often related to all three components of the triad. © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.7
The epidemiological triad. An outbreak requires interaction between an agent, a host and the environment. The agent may be any potential pathogen (e.g. a virus or bacterium). The host is any organism that carries the disease, with or without clinical signs. The environment refers to any factor influencing the spread of the disease that is not part of the agent or host (e.g. temperature, population density). In vector-borne diseases, the vector is often related to all three components of the triad.
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9.8
Wet market in Peru selling live and dead turtles. © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.8
Wet market in Peru selling live and dead turtles.
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9.9
Environmental factors can influence the route of transmission of pathogens via animal reservoirs and vectors.
(Data from
Rabinowitz et al., 2008
) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.9
Environmental factors can influence the route of transmission of pathogens via animal reservoirs and vectors.
(Data from
Rabinowitz et al., 2008
)
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9.10
The BSAVA and SAMSoc PROTECT ME poster. The full PROTECT ME guidance, including a downloadable poster, is freely available from the BSAVA Library (see ‘Useful Websites’). © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.10
The BSAVA and SAMSoc PROTECT ME poster. The full PROTECT ME guidance, including a downloadable poster, is freely available from the BSAVA Library (see ‘Useful Websites’).
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9.11
The BVA Are you antibiotic aware? poster for veterinary practices.
(Reproduced with permission from BVA) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.11
The BVA Are you antibiotic aware? poster for veterinary practices.
(Reproduced with permission from BVA)
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9.12
Proposed mechanisms for association between pet ownership and health benefits for humans.
(Data from
McNicholas et al., 2005
) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.12
Proposed mechanisms for association between pet ownership and health benefits for humans.
(Data from
McNicholas et al., 2005
)
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9.13
A key strategy in tackling obesity in both humans and companion animals involves collaboration between healthcare and veterinary professionals.
(Courtesy of Sue Bartlett, PDSA) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.13
A key strategy in tackling obesity in both humans and companion animals involves collaboration between healthcare and veterinary professionals.
(Courtesy of Sue Bartlett, PDSA)
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9.14
The Royal College of Nursing publishes clinical professional resources, including Working with Dogs in Health Care Settings.
(© Royal College of Nursing) © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.14
The Royal College of Nursing publishes clinical professional resources, including Working with Dogs in Health Care Settings.
(© Royal College of Nursing)
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9.15
A shipment of wild-caught frogs. © 2022 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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9.15
A shipment of wild-caught frogs.