Urinalysis and uroculture are an integral part of investigating urinary tract signs, but it’s important to get the right samples and interpret results in light of the clinical presentation. Urinalysis with sediment and urine culture are a cornerstone of the investigation of lower urinary tract signs. To maximise their value it is important to get the right samples and only test patient with appropriate clinical signs. Additionally, interpreting results of urinalysis is impacted by the collection method and storage of the sample, and for culture cystocentesis samples are preferred. Ideally, while awaiting the results, antibiotic treatment should be withheld to reduce the likelihood of choosing an inappropriate antibiotic, which can lead to bacterial resistance. Bacterial cystitis should always be treated with first line antibiotics provided the sensitivity results support it. The use of newer generation antibiotics should be avoided unless there is no suitable alternative. In recurrent cystitis it is paramount to identify and correct the underlying cause to have a successful treatment.