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Anatomy and physiology
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443194.chap2
Anatomy and physiology
- Author: Bairbre O’Malley
- From: BSAVA Manual of Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery
- Item: Chapter 2, pp 6 - 23
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443194.2
- Copyright: © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: September 2019
Abstract
Replete with annotations demonstrating normal anatomy, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of poultry and waterfowl anatomy and physiology. Covers the following topics: external features and integument, musculoskeletal system, body cavities, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, urinary system, reproductive system, immune system, nervous system and sensory organs.
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Figures
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2.1
Comb and wattles on a Silver Grey Dorking cock. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Farm Pets) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.1
Comb and wattles on a Silver Grey Dorking cock. (Reproduced from the BSAVA Manual of Farm Pets)
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2.2
Knob on a Chinese goose. (© Fotomicar) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.2
Knob on a Chinese goose. (© Fotomicar)
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2.3
Snood and caruncles on a turkey. (© Ezumeimages) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.3
Snood and caruncles on a turkey. (© Ezumeimages)
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2.4
Caruncles on a Muscovy duck. (© Rudy Umans) © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.4
Caruncles on a Muscovy duck. (© Rudy Umans)
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2.5
Contour wing feather (rectrix) showing asymmetry of the vane. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.5
Contour wing feather (rectrix) showing asymmetry of the vane. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.6
Barbs, barbules and interlocking hooklets. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.6
Barbs, barbules and interlocking hooklets. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.7
Blood feathers. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.7
Blood feathers.
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2.8
Skeleton of a chicken (see
Figure 2.12
for detailed view of the pectoral girdle and wing). Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.8
Skeleton of a chicken (see
Figure 2.12
for detailed view of the pectoral girdle and wing). Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.9
Cranial kinesis in domestic fowl. (a) Closed-mouth view. (b) Open-mouth view. When the jaw bone is lowered, the quadrate bone pushes the jugal arch and pterygoid–palatine bone rostrally to elevate the upper jaw, facilitating a wide gape. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.9
Cranial kinesis in domestic fowl. (a) Closed-mouth view. (b) Open-mouth view. When the jaw bone is lowered, the quadrate bone pushes the jugal arch and pterygoid–palatine bone rostrally to elevate the upper jaw, facilitating a wide gape. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.10
Rhynchokinesis. In birds such as waterfowl, only the rostral part of the upper jaw moves and the nasal openings are elongated and slit-like. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.10
Rhynchokinesis. In birds such as waterfowl, only the rostral part of the upper jaw moves and the nasal openings are elongated and slit-like. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.12
Ventral view of the pectoral girdle and left wing. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.12
Ventral view of the pectoral girdle and left wing. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.13
(a) Galliformes are anisodactyl. Note the spurs on the caudomedial aspect of the tarsometatarsus. (b) Swimming birds such as ducks and geese are palmate. Note the webbing between the cranial second, third and fourth digits. The capacity to grip is lost and the backward pointing digit loses contact with the ground. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.13
(a) Galliformes are anisodactyl. Note the spurs on the caudomedial aspect of the tarsometatarsus. (b) Swimming birds such as ducks and geese are palmate. Note the webbing between the cranial second, third and fourth digits. The capacity to grip is lost and the backward pointing digit loses contact with the ground. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.14
Ventral origins of the pectoral and supracoracoideus muscles, which allow the heavy musculature to be kept close to the bird’s centre of gravity. The supracoracoideus muscle elevates the wings and the pectoral muscles depress the wings. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.14
Ventral origins of the pectoral and supracoracoideus muscles, which allow the heavy musculature to be kept close to the bird’s centre of gravity. The supracoracoideus muscle elevates the wings and the pectoral muscles depress the wings. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.15
Ventral view of the coelom. (a) The sternum and abdominal wall have been removed. (b) The post-hepatic septum has been removed to reveal the viscera beneath. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.15
Ventral view of the coelom. (a) The sternum and abdominal wall have been removed. (b) The post-hepatic septum has been removed to reveal the viscera beneath. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.16
The major systemic arteries in the bird. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.16
The major systemic arteries in the bird. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.17
The major systemic veins in the bird. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.17
The major systemic veins in the bird. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.18
Location of the lungs and air sacs. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.18
Location of the lungs and air sacs. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.19
Air flow through the respiratory tract of a bird during (a) inspiration and (b) expiration. Air flows in the same direction (caudal to cranial) in both phases of respiration. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.19
Air flow through the respiratory tract of a bird during (a) inspiration and (b) expiration. Air flows in the same direction (caudal to cranial) in both phases of respiration. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.20
Lateral view of the domestic hen showing the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.20
Lateral view of the domestic hen showing the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.21
Cross-section of the ventriculus from a granivorous bird showing well developed grinding muscles. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.21
Cross-section of the ventriculus from a granivorous bird showing well developed grinding muscles. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.23
Cloaca and urogenital tract in a female bird showing the left oviduct and kidneys. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.23
Cloaca and urogenital tract in a female bird showing the left oviduct and kidneys. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.24
The internal structure of the egg. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.24
The internal structure of the egg. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.
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2.25
Cross-section of the avian eye. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission. © 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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2.25
Cross-section of the avian eye. Drawn by S.J. Elmhurst BA Hons (www.livingart.org.uk) and reproduced with her permission.