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Alfaxalone
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Alfaxalone

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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. a  Grint NJ, Smith HE and Senior JM (2008) Clinical evaluation of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin for the induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary Record 163163(1313), 395–396
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  2. b  Huynh M, Poumeyrol S, Pignon C, Le Teuff G and Zilberstein L (2014) Intramuscular administration of alfaxalone for sedation in rabbits. Veterinary Record  176, 255
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  3. c  Escalante GC, Balko JA and Chinnadurai SK (2018) Comparison of the sedative effects of alfaxalone and butorphanol-midazolam administered intramuscularly in budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus ).  Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery  32(4), 279-285
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  4. d  Perrin KL, Nielsen JB, Thomsen AF and Bertelsen MF (2017) Alfaxalone anesthesia in the Bengalese finch ( Lonchura domestica ).  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine  48(4), 1146-1153
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  5. e  Rockwell K, Boykin K, Padlo J  et al. (2021) Evaluating the efficacy of alfaxalone in corn snakes ( Pantherophis guttatus ). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  48(3),364-371
    6.
  6. f  Sladakovic I, Johnson RS and Vogelnest L (2014) Evaluation of intramuscular alfaxalone in three Australian frog species ( Litoria caerulea, Litoria aurea, Litoria booroolongensis ). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery  24(1), 36–42
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  7. g  Minter LJ, Bailey KM, Harms CA, Lewbart GA and Posner LP (2014) The efficacy of alfaxalone for immersion anesthesia in koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 4141(44), 398–405
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  8. Adami C, Spadavecchia C, Angeli G and d'Ovidio D (2015) Alfaxalone anesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads ( Bombina orientalis ). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  4242(55), 547–551
    9.
  9. Arenillas M and Gomez de Segura IA (2018). Anaesthetic effects of alfaxalone administered intraperitoneally alone or combined with dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in the rat.  Laboratory Animals , 52(6), 588-598
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  10. Bailey KM, Minter LJ, Lewbart GA, Harms CA, Griffith EH and Posner LP (2014) Alfaxalone as an intramuscular injectable anesthetic in koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4545(44), 852-8
    11.
  11. Bakker J, Uilenreef JJ, Pelt ER  et al.  (2013) Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ). BMC Veterinary Research 99(11), 113
    12.
  12. Bauquier SH, Greenwood J and Whittem T (2013) Evaluation of the sedative and anaesthetic effects of five different concentrations of alfaxalone in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 396396, 119–123
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  13. Bertelsen MF and Sauer CD (2011). Alfaxalone anaesthesia in the green iguana ( Iguana iguana ). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia ,38(5), 461-466
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  14. Bertrand HG, Sandersen C, Murray J and  Flecknell PA (2017) A combination of alfaxalone, medetomidine and midazolam for the chemical immobilization of Rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) : preliminary results.  Journal of Medical Primatology,  46(6), 332-336
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  15. Bugman AM, Langer PT, Hadzima E, Rivas AE and Mitchell MA (2016) Evaluation of the anesthetic efficacy of alfaxalone in oscar fish ( Astronotus ocellatus ). American Journal of Veterinary Research 7777(33), 239–244
    16.
  16. Cermakova E, Oliveri M, Ceplecha V and Knotek Z (2020) Anesthesia with intramuscular administration of alfaxalone in Spanish ribbed newt ( Pleurodeles waltl ). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine  33,23-26
    17.
  17. Chen K, Keating S, Strahl-Heldreth D and Clark-Price S (2020) Effects of intracoelomic alfaxalone–dexmedetomidine on righting reflex in common garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis ): preliminary data. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia ,47(6),793-796
    18.
  18. Doerning CM, Bradley MP, Lester PA and Nowland MH (2018) Effects of subcutaneous alfaxalone alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine in guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus ).  Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  45(5), 658-666
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  19. Gaudio E, voltan L and De Benedictis GM (2018) Alfaxalone anaesthesia in  Lemur catta  following dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam sedation.  Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  45(30), 351-356
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  20. Gil AG, Silván G, Villa A and Illera JC (2012) Heart and respiratory rates and adrenal response to propofol or alfaxalone in rabbits. Veterinary Record 170170 (1717), 444
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  21. Giral M, García-Olmo DC, Gómez-Juárez M and Gómez de Segura IA (2014) Anaesthetic effects in the ferret of alfaxalone alone and in combination with medetomidine or tramadol: a pilot study.  Laboratory Animals  48(4), 313-320
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  22. Hansen LL and Bertelsen MF (2013) Assessment of the effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone with and without medetomidine in Horsfield tortoises ( Agrionemys horsfieldii ). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 4040(66), 68–75
    23.
  23. Hawkins S, Doss G and Mans C (2020) Evaluation of subcutaneous alfaxalone-midazolam and ketamine-midazolam sedation protocols in African pygmy hedgehogs ( Atelerix albiventris ). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association  257, 820–825
    24.
  24. James LE, Williams CJ, Bertelsen MF and Wang T (2018) Anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in the ball python ( Python regius ): dose response and effect of injection site. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  4545(33), 329–337
    25.
  25. Jones KL (2012) Therapeutic review: alfaxalone. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 44, 347–353
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  26. Kischinovsky M, Duse A, Wang T and Bertelsen MF (2013) Intramuscular administration of alfaxalone in red-earded sliders ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) – effects of dose and body temperature. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 4040, 13–20
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  27. Kleinschmidt LM, Hanley CS, Sahrmann JM and Padilla LR (2018) Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing The Effects Of Alfaxalone And Ketamine Hydrochloride In The Haitian Giant Galliwasp ( Celestus Warreni ). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine  4949(22), 283–290
    28.
  28. Knotek Z (2014) Alfaxalone as an induction agent for anaesthesia in terrapins and tortoises. Veterinary Record  175(13), 327
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  29. Knotek Z (2017) Induction to inhalation anaesthesia in agamid lizards with alfaxalone. Veterinarni Medicina  6262(11), 41–43
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  30. Knotek Z, Hrda A, Kley N and Knotkova Z (2011) Alfaxalone anesthesia in veiled chameleon ( Chamaeleo calyptratus ). Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, pp. 179–181
    31.
  31. Knotek Z, Hrda A, Knotkova Z, Barazorda Romero S and Habich A (2013) Alfaxalone anaesthesia in the green iguana ( Iguana iguana ). Acta Veterinaria Brno 8282, 109–114
    32.
  32. Lau C, Ranasignhe MG, Sheils I  et al.  (2013) Plasma pharmacokinetics of alfaxalone after a single intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of Alfaxan in rats.  Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics  3636(55), 516–520
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  33. Lennox A (2015) Introducing Alfaxalone into Exotic Companion Mammal Practice.  Proceedings of AEMV Conference, San Antonio, Texas.
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  34. Lierz M and Korbel R (2012) Anaesthesia and analgesia in birds. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2121(11), 44–58
    35.
  35. Marsh MK, McLeod SR, Hansen A and Maloney SK (2009) Induction of anaesthesia in wild rabbits using a new alfaxalone formulation. Veterinary Record 164164(44), 122–123
    36.
  36. Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Miwa M, Konoike N, Kneko  et al. (2020) Evaluation of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects after intramuscular administration of alfaxalone alone, alfaxalone-ketamine and alfaxalone-butorphanol-medetomidine in common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). Journal of Medical Primatology,  49(6), 291-299
    37.
  37. Morici M, Di Giuseppe M, Spadola F  et al.  (2018) Intravenous Alfaxalone Anaesthesia in Leopard Geckos ( Eublepharis macularius ). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine  2727(33), 11–14
    38.
  38. Morici M, Lubian E, Costa GL and Spadola F (2021). Difference between Cranial and Caudal Intravenous Alfaxalone Administration in Yellow-Bellied Sliders ( Trachemys scripta scripta ). Acta Veterinaria Eurasia ,47(2), 88-93
    39.
  39. Navarrete-Calvo R, Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Morgaz J et al. (2014) Cardiorespiratory, anaesthetic and recovery effects of morphine combined with medetomidine and alfaxalone in rabbits. Veterinary Record 174174(44), 95
    40.
  40. Perrin KL and Bertelsen MF (2017). Intravenous alfaxalone and propofol anesthesia in the bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery ,27(3-4), 123-126
    41.
  41. Posner LP, Bailey KM, Richardson EY, Motsinger-Reif AA and Harms CA (2013) Alfaxalone anesthesia in bullfrogs ( Lithobates catesbeiana ) by injection or immersion. Journal of Zoo Wildlife and Medicine 4444(44), 965–971
    42.
  42. Rockwell K, Boykin K, Padlo J, Ford C, Aschebrock S and Mitchell M (2021). Evaluating the efficacy of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 48(3), 364-371
    43.
  43. Scheelings TF, Baker RT, Hammersley G et al. (2011) A preliminary investigation into the chemical restraint with alfaxalone of selected Australian squamate species. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 2121, 63–67
    44.
  44. Scheelings TS (2013) Use of intravenous and intramuscular alfaxalone in Macquarie river turtles ( Emydura macquarii ). Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians,  pp. 71
    45.
  45. Strahl-Heldreth DE, Clark-Price SC, Keating SC  et al. (2019) Effect of intracoelomic administration of alfaxalone on the righting reflex and tactile stimulus response of common garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis ). American journal of veterinary research  8080(22), 144–151
    46.
  46. Tutunaru AC, Sonea A, Drion P, Serteyn D and Sandersen C (2013) Anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone may produce hypoxemia in rabbits premedicated with fentanyl/droperidol. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 4040(66), 567–659
    47.
  47. Whitehead MC, Hoppes SM, Musser JM, Perkins JL and Lepiz ML (2019). The use of alfaxalone in quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus).  Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery ,  33 (4), 340-348.
    48.
  48. Yaw TJ, Mans C, Martinelli L and Sladky K K (2020). Evaluation of Subcutaneous Alfaxalone for Sedation in Juvenile Blue Poison Dart Frogs ( Dendrobates tinctorius azureus ). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery ,30(4), 248-253
    49.
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