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  2. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets
  3. Butorphanol
Butorphanol
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Butorphanol

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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. Bradley Bays, T (2020) Geriatric Care of Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 23(3), 567–593
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  2. Flecknell P (2018) Analgesics in Small Mammals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 21(1), 83–103
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  3. Gades NM, Danneman PJ, Wixson SK and Tolley EA (2000) The magnitude and duration of the analgesic effect of morphine, butorphanol, and buprenorphine in rats and mice. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 39(2), 8–13
  4. Nakamura T, Karakida N, Dantsuka A et al. (2017) Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 79(7), 1230–1235
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  5. Parkinson L and Mans C (2017) Anesthetic and postanesthetic effects of alfaxalone–butorphanol compared with dexmedetomidine–ketamine in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 56(3), 290–295 Portnoy LG and Hustead DR (1992) Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in rabbits. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53(4), 541–543 Wenger S (2012) Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 21(1), 7–16 BIRDS
  6. Aliansyah E, Chng HT and Xie S (2021) A critical review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid medications used in avian patients. Birds 3(1), 1–28
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  7. Guzman DS, Flammer K, Paul-Murphy JR, Barker SA and Tully TN Jr (2011) Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 25(3), 185–191
  8. Paul-Murphy JR, Brunson DB and Miletic V (1999) Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh). American Journal of Veterinary Research 60(10), 1218–1221
  9. Smith S (2019) Pain in Birds. In: BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice, ed. I Self, pp. 174–181. BSAVA Publications, Gloucester
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  10. Greenacre CB, Takle G, Schmacher JP et al. (2006) Comparative anti-nociception of morphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine versus saline in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) using electrostimulation. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 16, 88–92
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  11. [endif]Greenacre CB ,Massi K and Schumacher J (2008) Comparative anti-nociception of various opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications versus saline in the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) using electrostimulation. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, pp.87–88
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  12. Fleming GJ and Robertson SA (2012) Assessments of thermal antinociceptive effects of butorphanol and human observer effect on quantitative evaluation of analgesia in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). American Journal of Veterinary Research 73(10), 1507–1511
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  13. Hernandez-Divers SM, Schumacher J, Stahl S and Hernandez-Divers SJ (2005) Comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia after premedication with butorphanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(2), 169–175
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  14. Kinney ME, Johnson SM and Sladky KK (2011) Behavioral evaluation of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) administered either morphine or butorphanol following unilateral gonadectomy. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 21(2–3), 54–62
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  15. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Leal WP, Carregaro AB, Bressan TF, Bisetto SP, Melo CF and Sladky KK (2017) Antinociceptive efficacy of intramuscular administration of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in tegus (Salvator merianae). American Journal of Veterinary Research 78(9), 1019–1024
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  16. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Monteiro ER, da Silva ELDF, Santos MGDP, Júnior JLR and Júnior PDF (2011) Pharmacological restraint of red-footed tortoises using combinations of ketamine, midazolam and butorphanol. Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 9(3), 295–298
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  17. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Mosley CA, Dyson D and Smith DA (2004) The cardiovascular dose–response effects of isoflurane alone and combined with butorphanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 31(1), 64–72
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  18. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Olesen MG, Bertelsen MF, Perry SF and Wang T (2008) Effects of preoperative administration of butorphanol or meloxicam on physiologic responses to surgery in ball pythons. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233(12), 1883–1888
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  19. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Sladky KK, Kinney ME and Johnson SM (2008) Analgesic efficacy of butorphanol and morphine in bearded dragons and corn snakes. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233(2), 267–273
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  20. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Sladky KK, Miletic V, Paul-Murphy J, Kinney ME, Dallwig RK and Johnson SM (2007) Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230(9), 1356–1362
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  21. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Sladky KK, Paul-Murphy J, Miletic V, Kinney M, Klauer J and Johnson SM (2007) Antinociceptive efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in three reptile species. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, pp 51–52
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  22. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Trnková Š, Knotková Z and Knotek Z (2008) Effect of butorphanol on anaesthesia induction by isoflurane in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Acta Veterinaria Brno 77(2), 245–249
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  23. Adami C, d’Ovidio D and Casoni D (2016) Alfaxalone–butorphanol versus alfaxalone–morphine combination for immersion anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis). Laboratory Animals 50(3), 204–211
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  24. Koeller CA (2009) Comparison of buprenorphine and butorphanol analgesia in the eastern red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens). Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 48(2), 171–175
  25. Strobel S, Hagedorn A, Ott S (2018) A comparison of the analgesic effects of fentanyl and butorphanol in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) anaesthesia. SOJ Anesthesiology and Pain Management 5(2), 1–10
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  26. Terril-Robb L, Suckow M and Grigdesby C (1996) Evaluation of the analgesic effects of butorphanol tartarate, xylazine hydrochloride and flunixin meglumine in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 35, 54–56
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  27. Baker TR, Baker BB, Johnson SM and Sladky KK (2013) Comparative analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in koi (Cyprinus carpio) undergoing unilateral gonadectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243(6), 882–890
  28. Sneddon LU (2012) Clinical anaesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 21, 32–43
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