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  2. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets
  3. Butorphanol
Butorphanol
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Butorphanol

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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. a Guzman DS ,Flammer K ,Paul-Murphy JR ,Barker SA andTully TN Jr(2011)Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots ( Amazona ventralis ). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 25( 3 ),185–191
  2. b Paul-Murphy JR ,Brunson DB andMiletic V (1999)Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots ( Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh ). American Journal of Veterinary Research 60( 10 ),1218–1221
  3. c Greenacre CB ,Takle G ,Schmacher JP et al. (2006)Comparative anti-nociception of morphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine versus saline in the green iguana ( Iguana iguana ) using electrostimulation. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 16,88–92
  4. d Koeller CA (2009)Comparison of buprenorphine and butorphanol analgesia in the eastern red-spotted newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens ). Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 48( 2 ),171–175
  5. e Terril-Robb L ,Suckow M andGrigdesby C (1996)Evaluation of the analgesic effects of butorphanol tartarate, xylazine hydrochloride and flunixin meglumine in leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens ). Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 35,54–56
  6. f Baker TR ,Baker BB ,Johnson SM andSladky KK (2013)Comparative analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in koi ( Cyprinus carpio ) undergoing unilateral gonadectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243( 6 ),882–890
  7. Greenacre CB ,Massi K andSchumacher J (2008)Comparative anti-nociception of various opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications versus saline in the bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ) using electrostimulation. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians , pp.87–88
  8. Smith S (2019) Pain in Birds. In:  BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice,  ed. I Self, pp. 174–181. BSAVA Publications, Gloucester
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  9. Sneddon LU (2012)Clinical anaesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 21,32–43
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