Isoflurane
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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
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Cesarovic N, Nicholls F, Rettich A et al. (2010) Isoflurane and sevoflurane provide equally effective anaesthesia in laboratory mice. Laboratory Animals 44(4), 329–336
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Flecknell PA, Roughan JV and Hedenqvist P (1999) Induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane in the rabbit. Laboratory Animals 33(1), 41–46
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Hawkins SJ, Doss GA and Mans C (2020) Postanesthetic effects of two durations of isoflurane anesthesia in African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 32, 27–30
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Imai A, Steffey EP, Farver TB and Ilkiw JE (1999) Assessment of isoflurane-induced anesthesia in ferrets and rats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60(12), 1577–1583
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Muta K, Koizumi M, Miyabe‐Nishiwaki T et al. (2025) Determination of minimum alveolar concentrations of isoflurane and effective plasma concentration of propofol in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Journal of Medical Primatology 54(2), e70006
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Ludders JW, Mitchell GS and Rhode J (1990) Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose response of isoflurane in ducks. Veterinary Surgery 19(4), 304–30
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Sánchez EAS, Rodríguez JAM, Silva KMM, Watty AD and Pizano DAG (2024) Isoflurane anesthesia alters complete blood count values in lilac-crowned parrots (Amazona finschi). American Journal of Veterinary Research 85(3), 1–5
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Bertelsen MF, Mosley C, Crawshaw GJ, Dyson D and Smith DA (2005) Inhalation anesthesia in Dumeril's monitor (Varanus dumerili) with isoflurane, sevoflurane, and nitrous oxide: effects of inspired gases on induction and recovery. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(1), 62–69
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Barter LS, Hawkins MG, Brosnan RJ, Antognini JF and Pypendop BH (2006) Median effective dose of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane in green iguanas. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67(3), 392–397
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Bertelsen MF, Mosley CA, Crawshaw GJ, Dyson D and Smith DA (2005) Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in mechanically ventilated Dumeril monitors. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226(7), 1098–1101 Bertelsen MF, Mosley C, Crawshaw GJ, Dyson D and Smith DA (2005) Inhalation anesthesia in Dumeril's monitor (Varanus dumerili) with isoflurane, sevoflurane, and nitrous oxide: effects of inspired gases on induction and recovery. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(1), 62–68 Brosnan RJ, Pypendop BH, Barter LS and Hawkins MG (2006) Pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). American Journal of Veterinary Research 67(10), 1670–1674
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Hess JC, Benson GJ, Grimm KA, Sarr R, Constable PD and Tranquilli WJ (2007) Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane and arterial blood gas values in anesthetized green iguanas, Iguana iguana. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 17(4), 118–124
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Kane LP, Chinnadurai SK, Vivirito K. Strahl-Heldreth D and Allender MC (2020) Comparison of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane as inhalant anesthetics in prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 257(9), 945–949 Mosley CA, Dyson D and Smith DA (2003) The cardiac anesthetic index of isoflurane in green iguanas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222(11), 1565–1568
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Barbon AR, Routh A and Lopez J (2019) Inhalatory isoflurane anesthesia in mountain chicken frogs (Leptodactylus fallax). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50(2), 453–456
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Barter LS and Antognini JF (2008) Kinetics and potency of halothane, isoflurane, and desflurane in the Northern Leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Veterinary Research Communications 32, 357–365
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Barter LS, Mark LO, Smith AC and Antognini JF (2007) Isoflurane potency in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) is similar to that in mammalian species and is unaffected by decerebration. Veterinary Research Communications 31, 757–763
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Morrison KE, Strahl‐Heldreth D and Clark‐Price SC (2016) Isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane use in cane toads (Rhinella marina). Veterinary Record 3(1)
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Smith JM and Stump KC (2000) Isoflurane anesthesia in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 39(6), 39–42
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Stetter MD, Rahael B, Indiviglio F et al. (1999) Isoflurane anaesthesia in amphibians: comparison of five application methods. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 255–257
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Wright KM, Whitaker BR (2000) Pharmacotherapeutics. In: Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Pp. 309–330
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Zec S, Clark-Price SC, Coleman DA and Mitchell MA (2014) Loss and return of righting reflex in American green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) after topical application of compounded sevoflurane or isoflurane jelly: a pilot study. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 24(3), 72–76
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