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  3. Midazolam
Midazolam
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Midazolam

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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. Álvarez ER, Solé LV and de Carellán Mateo AG (2022) Comparison of subcutaneous sedation with alfaxalone or alfaxalone-midazolam in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) of three different age groups. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260(9), 1024–1030
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  2. Doss G and de Miguel Garcia C (2022) African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) Sedation and Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25(1), 257–272
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  3. Fleischmann T, Jirkof P, Henke J, Arras M and Cesarovic N (2016) Injection anaesthesia with fentanyl–midazolam–medetomidine in adult female mice: importance of antagonization and perioperative care. Laboratory Animals 50(4), 264–274
  4. Hahn A (2019) Zoo and Wild Mammal Formulary. Wiley and Sons
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  5. Hawkins SJ, Doss GA and Mans C (2020) Evaluation of subcutaneous administration of alfaxalone-midazolam and ketamine-midazolam as sedation protocols in African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 257(8), 820-825
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  6. Henke J, Baumgartner C, Röltgen I, Eberspächer E and Erhardt W (2004) Anaesthesia with midazolam/medetomidine/fentanyl in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) Ccmpared to anaesthesia with xylazine/ketamine and medetomidine/ketamine. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A 51(5), 259–264
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  7. LaRue MK, Flesner BK and Higbie CT (2016) Treatment of a thyroid tumour in an African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 25, 226–230
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  8. Rivas AE, Oye GW and Papendick R (2014) Dermal hemangiosarcoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 23, 384–388
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  9. Tsukamoto A, Uchida K, Maesato S, Sato R, Kanai E and Inomata T (2016) Combining isoflurane anesthesia with midazolam and butorphanol in rats. Experimental Animals 65(3), 223–230
  10. Abreu SA, Laursen SA, Perrin KL, Tahas SA and Bertelsen MF (2024) Comparison of three midazolam-based sedation protocols in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and black-cheeked lovebirds (Agapornis nigrigenis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 55(1), 111–124
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  11. Altundag Y, Kurt T, Özsoy S and Altundag Ä° (2021) Clinical evaluation of the intranasal administration of midazolam and reverse effects of flumazenil in Eurasian Buzzards (Buteo buteo). Veterinarski Arhiv 91(6), 655–664
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  12. Conner CM, Hoppes SM, Stevens BJ and Simon BT (2022) Intranasal butorphanol and midazolam administered prior to intramuscular alfaxalone provides safe and effective sedation in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). American Journal of Veterinary Research 83(12)
  13. Doss GA, Fink DM and Mans C (2018) Assessment of sedation after intranasal administration of midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). American Journal of Veterinary Research 79(12), 1246–1252
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  14. Mans C, Guzman DSM, Lahner LL, Paul-Murphy J and Sladky KK (2012) Sedation and physiologic response to manual restraint after intranasal administration of midazolam in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 26(3), 130–139
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  15. Martel A, Berg C, Doss G and Mans C (2022) Effects of midazolam on food intake in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 36(1), 53–57
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  16. Martel A, Mans C, Doss GA and Williams JM (2018) Effects of midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol on gastrointestinal transit time and motility in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 32(4), 286–293
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  17. Mumm LE and Mans C (2022) Evaluation of dexmedetomidine-midazolam sedation in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260(10), 1194–1199
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  18. Scagnelli A, Titel C, Doss G and Mans C (2022) Effects of midazolam and lorazepam on food intake in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 41, 42–45
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  19. Zaheer OA, Sanchez A and Beaufrère H (2020) Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sparing effect of midazolam in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47(3), 341–346
    20.
  20. [endif]Arnett-Chinn ER, Hadfield CA and Clayton LA (2016) Review of intramuscular midazolam for sedation in reptiles at the National Aquarium, Baltimore. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 26(1–2), 59–63 [if !supportLists]
    21.
  21. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Bienzle D and Boyd CJ (1992) Sedative effects of ketamine and midazolam in snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 23(2), 201–204 [if !supportLists]
    22.
  22. [endif]Bisetto SP, Melo CF and Carregaro AB (2018) Evaluation of sedative and antinoceptive effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine-midazolam in tegus (Salvator merianae). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 45(3), 320–328
    23.
  23. Bressan TF, Sobreira T and Carregaro AB (2019) Use of rodent sedation tests to evaluate midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 58(6), 810–816
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  24. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Budden L, Doss GA, Clyde VL and Mans C (2018) Retrospective evaluation of sedation in 16 lizard species with dexmedetomidine-midazolam with or without ketamine. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 28(1–2), 47–50
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  25. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Doss GA, Fink DM, Sladky KK and Mans C (2017) Comparison of subcutaneous dexmedetomidine–midazolam versus alfaxalone–midazolam sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44(5), 1175–1183
    26.
  26. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Eshar D, Rooney TA, Gardhouse S and Beaufrère H (2021) Evaluation of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination administered intramuscularly to captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria). American Journal of Veterinary Research 82(11), 858–864
  27. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Heniff AC, Petritz OA, Carpenter RG, Lewbart GA and Balko JA (2024) Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb. American Journal of Veterinary Research 85(2)
  28. [endif]Holz, P and Holz RM (1994) Evaluation of ketamine, ketamine/xylazine, and ketamine/midazolam anesthesia in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25(4), 531–537
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  29. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Larouche CB, Beaufrère H, Mosley C, Nemeth NM and Dutton C (2019) Evaluation of the effects of midazolam and flumazenil in the ball python (Python regius). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50(3), 579–588
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  30. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Masi M, Vetere A, Casalini J, Corsi F, Di Ianni F and Nardini G (2023) Comparison of subcutaneous versus intramuscular dexmedetomidine–midazolam–ketamine–morphine (DMKM) mixture as chemical restraint for endoscopic sex determination in Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea). Animals 13(23), 3626
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  31. Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL et al. (2018) A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+ zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PloS One 13(10), e0199339
    32.
  32. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Monteiro ER, da Silva ELDF, Santos MGDP, Júnior JLR and Júnior PDF (2011) Pharmacological restraint of red-footed tortoises using combinations of ketamine, midazolam and butorphanol. Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 9(3), 295–298
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  33. Oppenhein YC and Moon PF (1995) Sedative effects of midazolam in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26 ,409–413
  34. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Rhim H, Godke AM, Aguilar MG and Mitchell MA (2024) Evaluating the physiologic effects of alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam combinations in common blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides). Animals 14(18), 2636
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  35. Rooney TA, Eshar D, Gardhouse S and Beaufrère H (2021) Evaluation of a dexmedetomidine–midazolam–ketamine combination administered intramuscularly in captive ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 48(6), 914–921
  36. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Simone SBSD, Hirano LQL and Santos ALQ (2017) Effects of midazolam in different doses in redtail boa boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata: Boidae). Ciência Animal Brasileira 18, e22230
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  37. Turner RC, Gatson BJ, Hernandez JA et al. (2021) Sedation and anesthesia of Galapagos (Chelonoidis nigra), Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigante ), and African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata): A retrospective review (2009–2019). Animals 11(10), 2920
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  38. [if !supportLists]· [endif]Yaw TJ, Mans C, Johnson S, et al. (2020) Evaluation of subcutaneous administration of alfaxalone-midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam for sedation of ball pythons (Python regius). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 256(5) , 573–579
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  39. Yaw TJ, Mans C, Martinelli L and Sladky KK (2020) Comparison of subcutaneous administration of alfaxalone–midazolam–dexmedetomidine with ketamine–midazolam–dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint in juvenile blue poison dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius azureus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50(4), 868–873
    40.
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