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  3. Morphine
Morphine
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Morphine

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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. Antonczyk A, Liszka B, Skrzypczak P and Kielbowicz Z (2019) Comparison of analgesia provided by lidocaine or morphine delivered epidurally in rabbits undergoing hindlimb orthopedic surgery. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 22(1), 31–35
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  2. Hahn A (2019) Zoo and Wild Mammal Formulary. Wiley and Sons
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  3. Júnior GS, Comassetto F, Stiehl MZ and Oleskovicz N (2024) Evaluation of two protocols for chemical restraint in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Archives of Veterinary Science (Curitiba, Brazil) 29(3)
  4. Katzenbach JE, Wittenburg LA, Allweiler SI, Gustafson DL and Johnston MS (2018) Pharmacokinetics of single-dose buprenorphine, butorphanol, and hydromorphone in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 27(2), 95–102
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  5. Nobre CV, Uscategui RA, Noriega J et al. (2022) Efficacy and safety of morphine and methadone as analgesics in a balanced anaesthetic protocol in rabbits. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP) 33(4), e23358
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  6. Sladky KK, Horne WA, Goodrowe KL, Stoskopf MK, Loomis MR and Harms CA (2000) Evaluation of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 39(6), 33–38
  7. Carregaro AB, Bressan TF, Xavier NV et al. (2022) Sevoflurane sparing effect of morphine in tegus (Salvator merianae) – A preliminary study. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 50, 100678
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  8. Fink DM, Ferreira TH and Mans C (2021) Neuraxial administration of morphine combined with lidocaine induces regional antinociception in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). American Journal of Veterinary Research 83(3), 212–217
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  9. Greenacre CB, Massi K and Schumacher J (2008) Comparative anti-nociception of various opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications versus saline in the Bearded dragon (Pogona Vitticeps) using electrostimulation. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, pp. 87–88
  10. Greenacre CB, Takle G, Schumacher JP, Klaphake EK and Harvey RC (2006) Comparative anti-nociception of morphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine versus saline in the Green iguana (Iguana Iguana) using electrostimulation. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 16, 88–92
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  11. Kinney ME, Johnson SM and Sladky KK (2011) Behavioral evaluation of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) administered either morphine or butorphanol following unilateral gonadectomy. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 21(2–3), 54–62
  12. Leal WP, Carregaro AB, Bressan TF, Bisetto SP, Melo CF and Sladky KK (2017) Antinociceptive efficacy of intramuscular administration of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in tegus (Salvator merianae). American Journal of Veterinary Research 78(9), 1019–1024
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  13. Mans C (2014) Clinical technique: intrathecal drug administration in turtles and tortoises. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 23(1), 67–70
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  14. Sladky KK, Kinney ME, Johnson SM (2008) Analgesic efficacy of butorphanol and morphine in bearded dragons and corn snakes. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233, 267–273
  15. Sladky KK, Miletic V, Paul-Murphy J, Kinney ME, Dallwig RK and Johnson SM (2007) Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230(9), 1356–1362
  16. Adami C, d’Ovidio D and Casoni D (2016) Alfaxalone–butorphanol versus alfaxalone–morphine combination for immersion anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis). Laboratory Animals 50(3), 204–211
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  17. Baker TR, Baker BB, Johnson SM and Sladky KK (2013) Comparative analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in koi (Cyprinus carpio) undergoing unilateral gonadectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243(6), 882–890
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  18. Chatigny F, Creighton CM and Stevens ED (2018) Updated review of fish analgesia. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 57(1), 5–12
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  19. Newby NC, Wilkie MP and Stevens ED (2009) Morphine uptake, disposition, and analgesic efficacy in the common goldfish (Carassius auratus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 87(5), 388–399
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  20. Sladky KK (2023) Treatment of pain in fish. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 26(1), 11–26
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