Morphine
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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
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Adami C, d’Ovidio D and Casoni D (2016) Alfaxalone–butorphanol versus alfaxalone–morphine combination for immersion anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis). Laboratory animals 50(3), 204–211
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Antończyk A, Liszka B, Skrzypczak P and Kiełbowicz Z (2019) Comparison of analgesia provided by lidocaine or morphine delivered epidurally in rabbits undergoing hindlimb orthopedic surgery. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 22(1),31-35
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Chatigny F, Creighton CM and Stevens ED (2018) Updated review of fish analgesia. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 57(1), 5–12
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Fink DM, Ferreira TH, Mans C. (2021) Neuraxial administration of morphine combined with lidocaine induces regional antinociception in inland bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ). American Journal of Veterinary Research.83(3),83(3),212-217
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Greenacre CB ,Massi K andSchumacher J (2008)Comparative anti-nociception of various opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications versus saline in the Bearded dragon ( Pogona Vitticeps ) using electrostimulation. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians , pp.87–88
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Greenacre CB ,Takle G ,Schmacher JP et al. (2006)Comparative anti-nociception of morphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine versus saline in the Green iguana ( Iguana Iguana ) using electrostimulation. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 16,88–92
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Katzenbach JE, Wittenburg LA, Allweiler SI , Gustafson DL and Johnston MS (2018) Pharmacokinetics of single-dose buprenorphine, butorphanol, and hydromorphone in the domestic ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 27(2) , 95-102
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Sladky KK, Kinney ME, Johnson SM (2008) Analgesic efficacy of butorphanol and morphine in bearded dragons and corn snakes. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.233,233,267-273
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Sladky KK ,Horne WA ,Goodrowe KL et al. (2000)Evaluation of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ). Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 39( 6 ),33–38
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Sladky KK ,Miletic V ,Paul-Murphy J et al. (2007)Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230( 9 ),1356–1362
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c Leal WP, Carregaro AB, Bressan TF et al. (2017) Antinociceptive efficacy of intramuscular administration of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in tegus ( Salvator merianae ). American Journal of Veterinary Research 78(9), 1019–1024
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Coble DJ ,Taylor DK andMook DM (2011)Analgesic effects of meloxicam, morphine sulphate, flunixin meglumine and xylazine hydrochloride in African clawed frogs ( Xenopus laevis ). Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 50( 3 ),355–360
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e Baker TR, Baker BB, Johnson SM and Sladky KK (2013) Comparative analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in koi ( Cyprinus carpio ) undergoing unilateral gonadectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243(6), 882–890
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f Newby NC, Wilkie MP and Stevens ED (2009) Morphine uptake, disposition, and analgesic efficacy in the common goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). Canadian Journal of Zoology 87(5), 388–399