Tramadol
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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
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Bakker J, Roubos S, Remarque EJ, Arndt SS, Kronen PW and Langermans JA (2018) Effects of buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication on anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 45(3), 309–319
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Chen JC, Yu PH, Liu CH and Chi CH (2018) Paracloacal gland carcinoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 27(1), 36–40
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Egger CM, Souza MJ, Greenacre CB, Cox SK and Rohrbach BW (2009) Effect of intravenous administration of tramadol hydrochloride on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in rabbits. American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(8), 945–949
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Evenson E and Mans C (2019) Antinociceptive efficacy and safety of subcutaneous tramadol in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 28, 98–104
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Johnson-Delaney C and Lennox A (2023) Analgesia and anesthesia in ferrets. In: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 3rd edn, ed. M Dyson, P Jirkof, J Lofgren, E Nunamaker and D Pang, pp. 543–557. Elsevier, New York
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Kelly KR, Pypendop BH and Christe KL (2015) Pharmacokinetics of tramadol following intravenous and oral administration in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38, 375–382
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Sadar MJ and Mans C (2023) Hystricomorph rodent analgesia. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice 26(1), 175–186
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Souza MJ, Greenacre CB and Cox SK (2008) Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). American Journal of Veterinary Research 69(8), 979–982
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Udegbunam RI, Onuba AC, Okorie-Kanu C et al. (2015) Effects of two doses of tramadol on pain and some biochemical parameters in rabbits post-gastrotomy. Comparative Clinical Pathology 24, 783–790
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Zegre Cannon C, Kissling GE, Goulding DR, King-Herbert AP and Blankenship-Paris T (2011) Analgesic effects of tramadol, carprofen or multimodal analgesia in rats undergoing ventral laparotomy. Laboratory Animal 40(3), 85–93
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Geelen S, Guzman DSM, Souza MJ et al. (2013) Antinociceptive effects of tramadol hydrochloride after intravenous administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). American Journal of Veterinary Research 74(2), 201–206
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Hernández‐Millán CL, Quezada Tristán T, Ortiz Martínez R, Gerardo VF, Marcela MH and Fernando JJ (2023) Use of tramadol as analgesic alternative in Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus). Veterinary Medicine and Science 9(6), 2686–2692
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Raisi A, Norouzian H and Rostami M (2019) Influence of tramadol on anesthesia times, analgesia and electrocardiogram associated with injection anesthesia in common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Veterinary Research Forum 10(1), 51
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Souza MJ, Gerhardt L and Cox S (2013) Pharmacokinetics of repeated oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Americal Journal of Veterinary Research 74(7), 957–962
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Souza MJ, Martin-Jimenez T, Jones MP and Cox SK (2009) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral tramadol in the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 23(4), 247–252
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Souza MJ, Martin-Jimenez T, Jones MP and Cox SK (2011) Pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34(1), 86–88