1887

Tricaine mesilate (Metacaine, TMS, Tricaine mesylate, Tricaine methane sulponate)

This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. Conroy CJ, Papenfuss T, Parker J and Hahn NE (2009) Use of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) for euthanasia of reptiles. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48(1) 28–32
  2. Balko JA, Posner LP and Chinnadurai SK (2019) Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is not sufficient for euthanasia of smokey jungle frogs (Leptodactylus pentadactylus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50(1), 89–95
  3. Cakir Y and Strauch SM (2005) Tricaine (MS-222) is a safe anesthetic compound compared to benzocaine and pentobarbital to induce anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Pharmacological Reports 57(4), 467–474
  4. DiGeronimo PM and Balko JA (2022) Sedation and anesthesia of amphibians. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25(1), 31–47
  5. Galex IA, Gallant CM, D'Avignon N, Kuchenbrod LM, Fletcher CA and Rogala AR (2020) Evaluation of effective and practical euthanasia methods for larval African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 59(3), 269–274
  6. Hernández SE, Sernia C and Bradley AJ (2012) The effect of three anaesthetic protocols on the stress response in cane toads (Rhinella marina). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39(6), 584–590
  7. Krisp AR, Hausmann JC, Sladky KK and Mans C (2020) Anesthetic efficacy of MS-222 in White’s tree frogs (Litoria caerulea). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 30, 38–41
  8. Lalonde-Robert V, Beaudry F and Vachon P (2012) Pharmacologic parameters of MS222 and physiologic changes in frogs (Xenopus laevis) after immersion at anesthetic doses. Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 51, 464–468
  9. Novarro AJ, Blackman A and Bailey SD (2017) Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as a short-term anesthetic for the Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus). Herpetological Review 48(2), 320–322
  10. Smith BD, Vail KJ, Carroll GL, Taylor MC, Jeffery ND, Vemulapalli TH and Elliott JJ (2018) Comparison of etomidate, benzocaine, and MS222 anesthesia with and without subsequent flunixin meglumine analgesia in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 57(2), 202–209
  11. [if !supportLists]Stathopoulou T, Light J, Lamas LP, Pierce SE and Pelligand L (2022) A protocol for prolonged surgical anaesthesia with recovery in fire salamanders using tricaine mesylate (MS-222): A case series. Laboratory Animals 56(6), 540–549
  12. Torreilles SL, McClure DE and Green SL (2009) Evaluation and refinement of euthanasia methods for Xenopus laevis. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48(5), 512–516
  13. Wojick KB, Langan JN and Mitchell MA (2010) Evaluation of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) and propofol as anesthetic agents in Sonoran desert toads (Bufo alvarius). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery, 20(2–3), 79–83
  14. Zullian C, Dodelet-Devillers A, Roy S and Vachon P (2016) Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of MS222 in the adult Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Veterinary Medicine 7, 1–7
  15. Bernstein PS, Digre KB and Creel DJ (1997) Retinal toxicity associated with occupational exposure to the fish anesthetic MS-222. American Journal of Ophthalmology 124(6), 843–844
  16. Davis MW, Stephenson J and Noga EJ (2008) The effect of tricaine on use of the fluorescein test for detecting skin and corneal ulcers in fish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 20(2), 86–95
  17. Sneddon LU (2012) Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 21, 32–43
  18. Treves-Brown KM (2000) Applied Fish Pharmacology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
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