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  3. Tricaine mesilate (Metacaine, TMS, Tricaine mesylate, Tricaine methane sulponate)
Tricaine mesilate (Metacaine, TMS, Tricaine mesylate, Tricaine methane sulponate)
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Tricaine mesilate (Metacaine, TMS, Tricaine mesylate, Tricaine methane sulponate)

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This is a drug monograph from the BSAVA Small Animal Formulary Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA members should login for access to the full monograph. Non-members can join BSAVA, buy a Formulary subscription, or buy the printed edition.
  1. a  Zullian C, Dodelet-Devillers A, Roy S and Vachon P. (2016) Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of MS222 in the adult Mexican axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum ).   Veterinary Medicine,  7,1-7
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  2. b Lalonde-Robert V, Beaudry F and Vachon P (2012) Pharmacologic parameters of MS222 and physiologic changes in frogs ( Xenopus laevis ) after immersion at anesthetic doses. Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 51, 464–468
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  3. cKrisp AR, Hausmann JC, Sladky KK, et al. (2020) Anesthetic efficacy of MS-222 in White’s tree frogs ( Litoria caerulea ).  Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery  30, 38–41
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  4. 1 Sneddon LU (2012)Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 21,32–43
  5. Balko, J. A., Posner, L. P. and Chinnadurai, S. K. (2019) Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is not sufficient for euthanasia of smokey jungle frogs ( Leptodactylus pentadactylus ).  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 50(1),89-95
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  6. Bernstein PS, Digre KB and Creel DJ (1997) Retinal toxicity associated with occupational exposure to the fish anesthetic MS-222. American Journal of Ophthalmology 124124( 6 ):843-4
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  7. Conroy, C. J., Papenfuss, T., Parker, J. and Hahn, N. E. (2009) Use of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) for euthanasia of reptiles. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science  48(1) 28-32.
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  8. DiGeronimo PM and Balko JA. (2022) Sedation and Anesthesia of Amphibians .  Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice,  25(1), 31-47
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  9. Galex IA, Gallant CM, D'Avignon N,  et al. (2020)   Evaluation of Effective and Practical Euthanasia Methods for Larval African Clawed Frogs ( Xenopus laevis ).   Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science,  59(3), 269-274
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  10. Lewbart GA and Yanong RPE (2017) Exotic Animal Formulary , 5thedn , ed.JW Carpenter.Elsevier,Missouri
  11. Treves-Brown KM (2000) Applied Fish Pharmacology .Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht
  12. Smith BD, Vail KJ, Carroll GL,  et al. (2018) Comparison of Etomidate, Benzocaine, and MS222 Anesthesia with and without Subsequent Flunixin Meglumine Analgesia in African Clawed Frogs ( Xenopus laevis ).   Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science ,57(2),202-209
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